{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:50:14Z","timestamp":1787914214186,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-24-00173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-24-00173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, evidence indicating that microplastics (MPs) have a hazardous effect on human health is accumulating. The potential of MPs having a role in carcinogenesis was suggested. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate MPs\u2019 effect on colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) development. The AOM\/DSS-induced CAC model was reproduced in two groups of adult male C56BL\/6 mice. One of these groups received MPs (5 \u03bcm polystyrene microbeads) with drinking water at a dose of 1.48 mg\/kg\/day throughout the experiment (12 weeks), and the other received water untreated with MPs. In the colons of mice that consumed MPs, there was a higher number of tumor nodules at the macroscopic level, a greater tumor prevalence on histological sections, more pronounced inflammatory infiltration, a higher goblet cell volume fraction, the content of highly sulfated mucins was found in them, and there were more tumors with increased enteroendocrine cell content. We did not find any MP effects on the claudins, mucins, proapoptotic factor Bax, or on the proliferation marker Mki67 gene expression in the medial colon, nor on the serum level of TNF\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-10 cytokines. Thus, MPs promote the CAC development in mice by exacerbating intestinal local inflammation and damaging the epithelial barrier, and MPs may represent a potential environmental cofactor contributing to CAC risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T16:31:52Z","timestamp":1764261112000},"page":"11511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Microplastics\u2019 Impact on the Development of AOM\/DSS-Induced Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0119-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Zolotova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunomorphology of Inflammation, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, Moscow 117418, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7781-5537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Kirillova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunomorphology of Inflammation, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, Moscow 117418, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1337-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dzhuliia","family":"Dzhalilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunomorphology of Inflammation, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, Moscow 117418, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Histology, Petrovsky Medical University, Moscow 119435, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0946-1105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Tsvetkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunomorphology of Inflammation, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, Moscow 117418, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0969-8145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolai","family":"Fokichev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunomorphology of Inflammation, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, Moscow 117418, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology,<bold\/> National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow 109028, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8581-107X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Makarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunomorphology of Inflammation, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, Moscow 117418, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13503","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13503","article-title":"Harmful Effects of the Microplastic Pollution on Animal Health: A Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"Zolotova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Peerj"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dube, E., and Okuthe, G.E. (2023). Plastics and Micro\/Nano-Plastics (MNPs) in the Environment: Occurrence, Impact, and Toxicity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20176667"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118535","article-title":"The Potential Impact of Nano- and Microplastics on Human Health: Understanding Human Health Risks","volume":"251","author":"Winiarska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124004","article-title":"Estimation of the Mass of Microplastics Ingested\u2014A Pivotal First Step towards Human Health Risk Assessment","volume":"404","author":"Senathirajah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, D., Zheng, J., Liu, X., Xu, X., Zhao, L., Gu, Y., Yang, R., Liu, S., Yang, S., and Du, J. (2023). Occurrence of Microplastics and Disturbance of Gut Microbiota: A Pilot Study of Preschool Children in Xiamen, China. eBioMedicine, 97.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104828"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7068","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01517","article-title":"Human Consumption of Microplastics","volume":"53","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danopoulos, E., Twiddy, M., and Rotchell, J.M. (2020). Microplastic Contamination of Drinking Water: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236838"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Raamsdonk, L.W.D., van der Zande, M., Koelmans, A.A., Hoogenboom, R.L.A.P., Peters, R.J.B., Groot, M.J., Peijnenburg, A.A.C.M., and Weesepoel, Y.J.A. (2020). Current Insights into Monitoring, Bioaccumulation, and Potential Health Effects of Microplastics Present in the Food Chain. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9010072"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10450","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c04199","article-title":"Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Emerging Contaminants in Food","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108150","article-title":"Microplastics: Human Exposure Assessment through Air, Water, and Food","volume":"179","author":"Zuri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159164","article-title":"Microplastic Diagnostics in Humans: \u201cThe 3Ps\u201d Progress, Problems, and Prospects","volume":"856","author":"Shruti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04179","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04179","article-title":"Detection of Microplastics in Human Tissues and Organs: A Scoping Review","volume":"14","author":"Roslan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-023-00273-8","article-title":"Human Microplastics Exposure and Potential Health Risks to Target Organs by Different Routes: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Pollut. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, R.-H., Chen, H.-T., Lee, I.-T., Vo, T.-T.-T., and Wang, Y.-L. (2025). Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Health Concerning Cellular Toxicity Mechanisms, Exposure Pathways, and Global Mitigation Strategies. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15091449"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Zhang, B., Yao, Q., Feng, X., Shen, T., Guo, P., Wang, P., Bai, Y., Li, B., and Wang, P. (2023). Toxicological Effects of Micro\/Nano-Plastics on Mouse\/Rat Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1103289"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122937","article-title":"The Alarming Link between Environmental Microplastics and Health Hazards with Special Emphasis on Cancer","volume":"355","author":"Goswami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, G., Ahmed, U., and Ahmad, M.A. (2025). Impact of Microplastics on Human Health: Risks, Diseases, and Affected Body Systems. Microplastics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/microplastics4020023"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-021-00414-1","article-title":"Underestimated Health Risks: Polystyrene Micro- and Nanoplastics Jointly Induce Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction by ROS-Mediated Epithelial Cell Apoptosis","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18880","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18880","article-title":"Microplastic Effects on Mouse Colon in Normal and Colitis Conditions: A Literature Review","volume":"13","author":"Zolotova","year":"2025","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravindra, K., Kaur, M., and Mor, S. (2025). Impacts of Microplastics on Gut Health: Current Status and Future Directions. Indian. J. Gastroenterol., advance online publication.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-025-01744-0"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03924","article-title":"Analysis of Microplastics in Human Feces Reveals a Correlation between Fecal Microplastics and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Status","volume":"56","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zolotova, N., Dzhalilova, D., Tsvetkov, I., and Makarova, O. (2023). Influence of Microplastics on Morphological Manifestations of Experimental Acute Colitis. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11090730"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zolotova, N., Silina, M., Dzhalilova, D., Tsvetkov, I., Fokichev, N., and Makarova, O. (2025). Influence of Microplastics on Manifestations of Experimental Chronic Colitis. Toxics, 13.","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18880"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143085","article-title":"Proinflammatory Properties and Lipid Disturbance of Polystyrene Microplastics in the Livers of Mice with Acute Colitis","volume":"750","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155198","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Aggravate Inflammatory Damage in Mice with Intestinal Immune Imbalance","volume":"833","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156884","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Exacerbate Experimental Colitis in Mice Tightly Associated with the Occurrence of Hepatic Inflammation","volume":"844","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114861","article-title":"Microplastics Perturb Colonic Epithelial Homeostasis Associated with Intestinal Overproliferation, Exacerbating the Severity of Colitis","volume":"217","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-023-00560-8","article-title":"Polystyrene Nanobeads Exacerbate Chronic Colitis in Mice Involving in Oxidative Stress and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16159","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16159","article-title":"Murine Models of Colorectal Cancer: The Azoxymethane (AOM)\/Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) Model of Colitis-Associated Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Dzhalilova","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2018-0075","article-title":"A Review of the Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment Methods of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"12","author":"Seyedian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.10.035","article-title":"Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanisms and Management","volume":"162","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-023-00492-0","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms in Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30004-3","article-title":"Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Asian Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Bopanna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00600-4","article-title":"Colorectal Cancer Incidence Trends in Younger versus Older Adults: An Analysis of Population-Based Cancer Registry Data","volume":"26","author":"Sung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-00445-1","article-title":"Rising Incidence of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer\u2014A Call to Action","volume":"18","author":"Akimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102840","article-title":"The Clinical Relevance of Microplastic Exposure on Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"97","author":"Ghoreshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.70075","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Physical and Polymer Characteristics of Microplastics Detected in Human Colorectal Cancer Samples from the United States and Malaysia","volume":"40","author":"Roslan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Gastro. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-025-02143-8","article-title":"Microplastics Promote Chemoresistance by Mediating Lipid Metabolism and Suppressing Pyroptosis in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-025-02085-1","article-title":"Effects of Microplastics on Chemo-Resistance and Tumorigenesis of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"30","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, W., Hao, J., Zhang, M., Liu, H., Tian, F., Zhang, X., Jiang, Z., Chen, C., Gao, M., and Zhang, H. (2025). Identification and Analysis of Microplastics in Peritumoral and Tumor Tissues of Colorectal Cancer. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98268-6"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01560-4","article-title":"Higher Number of Microplastics in Tumoral Colon Tissues from Patients with Colorectal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Cetin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116818","article-title":"Detection and Quantification of Microplastics in Various Types of Human Tumor Tissues","volume":"283","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139099","article-title":"Associations between Microplastics in Human Feces and Colorectal Cancer Risk","volume":"495","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153951","article-title":"Long-Term Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastics Reduces Macrophages and Affects the Microbiota\u2013Gut\u2013Brain Axis in Mice","volume":"509","author":"Kuai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109258","article-title":"Polystyrene Nanoplastics Promote Colitis-Associated Cancer by Disrupting Lipid Metabolism and Inducing DNA Damage","volume":"195","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c00644","article-title":"Nanoplastics Shape Adaptive Anticancer Immunity in the Colon in Mice","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, K.H.D. (2025). Toxic Effects of Nanoplastics on Animals: Comparative Insights into Microplastic Toxicity. Environments, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments12110429"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01539-1","article-title":"Nanoplastics Are Potentially More Dangerous than Microplastics","volume":"21","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.15562\/bmj.v11i1.2842","article-title":"An Increase in Inflammatory Cells Related to the Increase Incidence of Colitis and Colorectal Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Wibowo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bali Med. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, M., Yin, W., Zhang, J., Yin, J., Tang, X., Ling, J., Tang, Z., Yin, W., Wang, X., and Ni, Q. (2023). Role of Gut Microbiota and Bacterial Metabolites in Mucins of Colorectal Cancer. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1119992"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-010-0131-2","article-title":"Intestinal Goblet Cells and Mucins in Health and Disease: Recent Insights and Progress","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19980309","article-title":"Selective in Vitro Degradation of the Sialylated Fraction of Germ-Free Rat Mucins by the Caecal Flora of the Rat","volume":"38","author":"Fontaine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"361","article-title":"Bacterial Glycosulphatases and Sulphomucin Degradation","volume":"11","author":"Robertson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atanga, R., Singh, V., and In, J.G. (2023). Intestinal Enteroendocrine Cells: Present and Future Druggable Targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108836"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, C.A., O\u2019Flaherty, E.A.A., Guccio, N., Punnoose, A., Darwish, T., Lewis, J.E., Foreman, R.E., Li, J., Kay, R.G., and Adriaenssens, A.E. (2024). Single-Cell Transcriptomic Atlas of Enteroendocrine Cells along the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308942"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.105","article-title":"Serotonin Signaling in the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"10","author":"Mawe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2011.00767.x","article-title":"Classification and Functions of Enteroendocrine Cells of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"92","author":"Gunawardene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-023-02952-8","article-title":"Neuroendocrine Differentiation: A Risk Fellow in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Onc"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S299089","article-title":"The Roles of Transmembrane Mucins Located on Chromosome 7q22.1 in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Almasmoum","year":"2021","journal-title":"CMAR"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12182","article-title":"The Mucus and Mucins of the Goblet Cells and Enterocytes Provide the First Defense Line of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Interact with the Immune System","volume":"260","author":"Pelaseyed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2010.078717","article-title":"Expression of Intestinal MUC17 Membrane-Bound Mucin in Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases of the Colon","volume":"63","author":"Senapati","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e667","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.667","article-title":"Claudin-2 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Growth and Metastasis by Suppressing NDRG1 Transcription","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1159\/000101049","article-title":"Heterogeneous Expression of Claudin-4 in Human Colorectal Cancer: Decreased Claudin-4 Expression at the Invasive Front Correlates Cancer Invasion and Metastasis","volume":"74","author":"Ueda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533033818817774","DOI":"10.1177\/1533033818817774","article-title":"Expression and Clinical Significance of Claudin-7 in Patients with Colorectal Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2026507118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026507118","article-title":"Ki-67 Regulates Global Gene Expression and Promotes Sequential Stages of Carcinogenesis","volume":"118","author":"Mrouj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-9966-30-87","article-title":"Apoptosis in Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Treatment","volume":"30","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzhalilova, D., Silina, M., Tsvetkov, I., Kosyreva, A., Zolotova, N., Gantsova, E., Kirillov, V., Fokichev, N., and Makarova, O. (2024). Changes in the Expression of Genes Regulating the Response to Hypoxia, Inflammation, Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, and Epithelial Barrier Functioning during Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer Depend on Individual Hypoxia Tolerance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147801"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4383","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i31.4383","article-title":"Systemic Inflammation in Colorectal Cancer: Underlying Factors, Effects, and Prognostic Significance","volume":"25","author":"Tuomisto","year":"2019","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira Miranda, D., Soares De Lima, T.A., Ribeiro Azevedo, L., Feres, O., Ribeiro Da Rocha, J.J., and Pereira-da-Silva, G. (2014). Proinflammatory Cytokines Correlate with Depression and Anxiety in Colorectal Cancer Patients. BioMed Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/739650"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad312","article-title":"Unveiling Colitis: A Journey through the Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Model","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122909","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Induce Kidney Injury via Gut Barrier Dysfunction and C5a\/C5aR Pathway Activation","volume":"342","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113809","article-title":"Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics Induced Gut Barrier Dysfunction, Microbiota Dysbiosis and Metabolism Disorder in Adult Mice","volume":"241","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156668","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Exacerbated Liver Injury from Cyclophosphamide in Mice: Insight into Gut Microbiota","volume":"840","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131820","article-title":"Benzo [a] Pyrene-Loaded Aged Polystyrene Microplastics Promote Colonic Barrier Injury via Oxidative Stress-Mediated Notch Signalling","volume":"457","author":"Shaoyong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-024-00665-0","article-title":"Microplastics Dampen the Self-Renewal of Hematopoietic Stem Cells by Disrupting the Gut Microbiota-Hypoxanthine-Wnt Axis","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133714","article-title":"Oral Exposure of Polystyrene Microplastics and Doxycycline Affects Mice Neurological Function via Gut Microbiota Disruption: The Orchestrating Role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation","volume":"467","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114194","article-title":"Intestinal Flora Variation Reflects the Short-Term Damage of Microplastic to the Intestinal Tract in Mice","volume":"246","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126092","article-title":"Systematic Toxicity Evaluation of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on Mice and Molecular Mechanism Investigation about Their Internalization into Caco-2 Cells","volume":"417","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115447","article-title":"Biological Interactions of Polystyrene Nanoplastics: Their Cytotoxic and Immunotoxic Effects on the Hepatic and Enteric Systems","volume":"264","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, R., Han, J., Liu, X., Li, K., Lai, W., Bian, L., Yan, J., and Xi, Z. (2023). Exposure to Polypropylene Microplastics via Oral Ingestion Induces Colonic Apoptosis and Intestinal Barrier Damage through Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mice. Toxics, 11, Correction in Toxics 2023, 11, 733.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11090733"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123473","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastic-Induced Oxidative Stress Triggers Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction via the NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3\/IL-1\u03b2\/MCLK Pathway","volume":"345","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113230","article-title":"Oral Exposure to Polyethylene Microplastics Alters Gut Morphology, Immune Response, and Microbiota Composition in Mice","volume":"212","author":"Djouina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-021-05259-4","article-title":"Morphofunctional Changes in Colon after Cold Stress in Male C57BL\/6 Mice Susceptible and Tolerant to Hypoxia","volume":"171","author":"Zolotova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Y., Zhang, Y., Lemos, B., and Ren, H. (2017). Tissue Accumulation of Microplastics in Mice and Biomarker Responses Suggest Widespread Health Risks of Exposure. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46687"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Q., Huang, S., Zhao, L., Liu, J., Ma, Q., Wang, Y., Dong, Y., Li, C., and Qiu, P. (2022). Chang Qing Formula Ameliorates Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer via Suppressing IL-17\/NF-\u03baB\/STAT3 Pathway in Mice as Revealed by Network Pharmacology Study. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.893231"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7882","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i35.7882","article-title":"Biomarkers for Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmud, F., Sarker, D.B., Jocelyn, J.A., and Sang, Q.-X.A. (2024). Molecular and Cellular Effects of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Focus on Inflammation and Senescence. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13211788"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15125","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c04449","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Participates in Polystyrene Microplastics-Induced Hepatic Injuries by Modulating the Gut\u2013Liver Axis","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"097002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP13913","article-title":"Long-Term Exposure to Polystyrene Microspheres and High-Fat Diet\u2013Induced Obesity in Mice: Evaluating a Role for Microbiota Dysbiosis","volume":"132","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.11.022","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis Exacerbates Inflammatory Liver Injury Induced by Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Nanoplastics via the Gut-Liver Axis","volume":"155","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142275","article-title":"The Role of Gut Microbiota in Mediating Increased Toxicity of Nano-Sized Polystyrene Compared to Micro-Sized Polystyrene in Mice","volume":"358","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin, J.B., Lagas, J.S., Broestl, L., Sponagel, J., Rockwell, N., Rhee, G., Rosen, S.F., Chen, S., Klein, R.S., and Imoukhuede, P. (2020). Sex Differences in Cancer Mechanisms. Biol. Sex Differ., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-00291-x"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-024-00525-x","article-title":"Role of Sex in Immune Response and Epigenetic Mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsokkou, S., Konstantinidis, I., Papakonstantinou, M., Chatzikomnitsa, P., Liampou, E., Toutziari, E., Giakoustidis, D., Bangeas, P., Papadopoulos, V., and Giakoustidis, A. (2025). Sex Differences in Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155539"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.15430\/JCP.2016.21.4.271","article-title":"The Effect of Sex on the Azoxymethane\/Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Treated Mice Model of Colon Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14013","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.14013","article-title":"The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phases on Immune Function and Inflammation at Rest and after Acute Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"238","author":"Notbohm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.11.023","article-title":"Immunology and the Menstrual Cycle","volume":"11","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14026","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14026","article-title":"Modulation of the Lung Inflammatory Response to Ozone by the Estrous Cycle","volume":"7","author":"Fuentes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/23\/11511\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T09:57:04Z","timestamp":1764323824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/23\/11511"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262311511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262311511","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]}}}