{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:17:08Z","timestamp":1791566228633,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013302","name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRC23R\/240\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRC23R\/240\/04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) represents a critical global health threat, with ST101 identified as a major circulating clone in Saudi Arabia. We used whole genome sequencing and plasmid reconstruction to investigate the molecular characteristics of CRKP ST101 isolates from Saudi Arabia (2018\u20132021), analyzing antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), virulence factors, and plasmid structure and replicon types. Clinical isolates were obtained from the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA) hospitals in Saudi Arabia between 2018 and 2021. Whole-genome sequencing was performed using the Illumina MiSeq\u00ae platform, followed by comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of ARGs, virulence factors, and plasmid content. All ten isolates belonged to ST101 and harbored extensive antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence determinants. Nine isolates (90%) carried blaOXA-48, with three co-harboring blaNDM-1, representing dual-carbapenemase producers. These carbapenemase genes were located on plasmids with distinct replicon types, including IncL\/M, IncHI1B\/IncFIB, and IncFIA\/IncR. All isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), with half classified as extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Four isolates exhibited hypervirulent profiles, harboring aerobactin and yersiniabactin siderophores. This study provides comprehensive genomic characterization of CRKP ST101 in Saudi Arabia, revealing complex resistance mechanisms mediated by diverse plasmid types. The findings highlight the importance of genomic surveillance to track the evolution and dissemination of high-risk MDR and XDR lineages and inform targeted infection control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T16:31:52Z","timestamp":1764261112000},"page":"11518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genomic Characterization and Resistance Mechanisms of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST101 Isolates from Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Enaam K.","family":"Idrees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5040-6303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manal M.","family":"Alkhulaifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6319-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwh G.","family":"Aldriwesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3663-2865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasser","family":"Alqurainy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Basic Science, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliane","family":"Okdah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi 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Johani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Basic Science, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"MNGHA Surveillance Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan H.","family":"Balkhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majed F.","family":"Alghoribi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research 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