{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:50:35Z","timestamp":1789577435783,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":213,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils has emerged as a critical environmental and public health issue associated with increased gastric cancer incidence worldwide. Among the most concerning pollutants are cadmium, arsenic, and lead, which persist in the environment and enter the human body primarily through the soil\u2013plant\u2013food chain. This review integrates environmental, molecular, and epidemiological evidence to explain how these metals alter gastric mucosal biology and promote carcinogenesis. Mechanistically, cadmium, arsenic, and lead trigger oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and epigenetic reprogramming, resulting in genomic instability, resistance to programmed cell death, and the transformation of epithelial cells into invasive phenotypes. These molecular disruptions interact with Helicobacter pylori infection, microbial imbalance, chronic inflammation, and hypoxia-driven remodeling of the gastric stroma, all of which enhance angiogenesis and tumor progression. Advanced experimental platforms, such as gastric organoids, immune co-cultures, and humanized animal models, are improving the understanding of these complex interactions. Adopting a One Health perspective reveals the continuity between environmental contamination, agricultural production, and human disease, underscoring the importance of integrative monitoring systems that combine soil and crop analysis with molecular biomarkers in exposed populations. Strengthening this interdisciplinary approach is essential to design preventive strategies, guide remediation policies, and protect human, animals, and environmental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T16:31:52Z","timestamp":1764261112000},"page":"11526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils and Gastric Cancer Risk: Molecular Insights and the Relevance of a One Health Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4234-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Reytor-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador, Santo Domingo 230203, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia Emilia","family":"Leyva Ricardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingenier\u00eda e Industrias, Universidad UTE, Santo Domingo 230208, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1095-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasniel","family":"S\u00e1nchez Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Futuro, Proyecto de Desarrollo Local RUTA FUTURO, Universidad de Matanzas, Matanzas 40100, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vianey Ariadna","family":"Burboa Charis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Sonora, Obregon 85000, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9670-6376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud P\u00fablica y Epidemiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica (CISPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6784-1471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Cevallos-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Alimentos (CIAL), Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingenier\u00eda e Industrias, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5317-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Campuzano-Donoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Quito 170102, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Simancas-Racines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Salud y Bienestar, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador, Quito 170143, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"394","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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