{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:57:33Z","timestamp":1790805453155,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25K02223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K02223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25H01430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25H01430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, the University of Osaka"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids that function as membrane anchors for a wide array of eukaryotic proteins, collectively referred to as GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). These structures are critical for various cellular processes including signal transduction, host\u2013pathogen interactions, and immune evasion. While GPI-APs have been extensively studied, increasing attention is being paid to non-protein-linked GPI, called free GPIs, which have been identified in both protozoan parasites and mammalian cells. In protozoa such as Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, and Leishmania spp., free GPIs play roles in virulence, immune modulation, and parasite survival. In mammals, free GPIs have been detected in several tissues and pathogenic conditions of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria caused by PIGT mutation and rare blood group phenotypes. This review provides a comparative overview of the structure and biosynthesis of free GPIs and GPI-APs across species, highlighting unique adaptations in each. We also discuss the emerging physiological and pathological roles of free GPIs, proposing that these underexplored molecules may serve as important biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Understanding the diversity and function of free GPIs offers new insights into glycobiology and host\u2013pathogen interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T08:13:49Z","timestamp":1764576829000},"page":"11592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Free GPIs and Comparison of GPI Structures Among Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1004-0562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella Amarachi","family":"Ihim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0344-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morihisa","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinoshita, T. 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