{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:00:55Z","timestamp":1791655255579,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Anti-Drug Policies and Other Addictions, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Italy","award":["project \u201cMulticentric research for the study of the pharmaco-toxicological and the analytical iden-tification of Novel Synthetic Opioids and NPS\u201d to MM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project \u201cMulticentric research for the study of the pharmaco-toxicological and the analytical iden-tification of Novel Synthetic Opioids and NPS\u201d to MM"]}]},{"name":"Department of Anti-Drug Policies and Other Addictions, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Italy","award":["project: \u201cEffects of NPS: development of a multicentric research for the information enhancement of the Early Warning System\u201d to MM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project: \u201cEffects of NPS: development of a multicentric research for the information enhancement of the Early Warning System\u201d to MM"]}]},{"name":"Department of Anti-Drug Policies and Other Addictions, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Italy","award":["project: \u201cImplementation of the identification and study of the effects of NPS: Development of a multicentric research to strengthen the database of the National Monitoring Centre for Drug Ad-diction and the Early Warning System\u201d to MM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project: \u201cImplementation of the identification and study of the effects of NPS: Development of a multicentric research to strengthen the database of the National Monitoring Centre for Drug Ad-diction and the Early Warning System\u201d to MM"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007109","name":"University of Ferrara","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAR 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007109","name":"University of Ferrara","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAR 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR 2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>3-chloromethcathinone (3-CMC) is a synthetic cathinone that gained relevance, having been involved in a large number of seizures and poisoning reports. Despite this, literature currently lacks information on its pharmaco-toxicological effects. This study aims to investigate the acute sensorimotor and physiological effects of 3-CMC (0.1\u201330 mg\/kg; i.p.) in male and female CD-1 mice and its effects (1 and 10 mg\/kg) on Prepulse Inhibition (PPI). Furthermore, we describe a series of 3-CMC (or CMC)-related human intoxications (Italy, 2014\u20132025) registered by the PCC\u2013National Toxicology Information Centre. Finally, we predicted the ADMET properties of 3-CMC compared to 2-CMC, 4-CMC, 2-MMC, and two 3-CMC metabolites. 3-CMC induced in mice locomotor stimulation in mice, relevant tachypnoea and hypothermia, sensorimotor, and PPI alterations were observed only at high doses, with minor sex differences. All intoxications were non-fatal and involved male patients showing psychomotor agitation, psychosis, aggressiveness, CNS depression, but also cardiac arrhythmias, thoracic pain, and tachypnea. N-dealkylation, N-hydroxylation, and phenyl hydroxylation were the main predicted reactions. Drug\u2013drug interaction potential and cardiotoxicity were suggested for all compounds. This interdisciplinary study elucidates 3-CMC effects and its associated risks, opening new objectives for future studies on CMC compounds to provide critical information to clinicians and the toxicological field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T08:13:49Z","timestamp":1764576829000},"page":"11600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["3-CMC: Acute Effects in Male and Female Mice, Human Intoxication Case Series (Italy, 2014\u20132025), and Prediction of ADMET Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3753-4627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Bassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Roda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, Pavia Poison Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2973-2446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Corli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrine","family":"Bilel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6462-2373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology \u201cSpallanzani\u201d, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8888-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), Carabinieri, 00191 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9530-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Di Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), Carabinieri, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6285-3445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Lonati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, Pavia Poison Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2154-5897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo Alessandro","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, Pavia Poison Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8751-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System (NEWS-D), Department of Anti-Drug Policies and Other Addictions, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2025, January 25). 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