{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:05:15Z","timestamp":1782817515255,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1011836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1011836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u03b2\u2013Cyclodextrin (\u03b2\u2013CD)-based materials are widely used in drug delivery, yet their interactions with mucosal barriers remain insufficiently understood. Because the mucus layer coating epithelial surfaces can hinder drug transport, elucidating \u03b2\u2013CD\u2013mucin interactions is critical for optimizing cyclodextrin-based carriers. In this study, we examined whether PEGylation can attenuate the mucoadhesive behavior of \u03b2\u2013CD. Monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-modified \u03b2\u2013CDs (MPEG\u2013\u03b2\u2013CDs) were evaluated using 19F self-diffusion NMR spectroscopy coupled with a kinetic diffusion model describing reversible binding to stationary substrates. Mucin hydrogels were prepared from bovine submaxillary mucin and served as a model mucus environment. Diffusion coefficients were extracted from the 19F NMR signals of 1-fluoroadamantane (1FA) molecules encapsulated within HP-\u03b2\u2013CD or MPEG\u2013\u03b2\u2013CD cavities. The results demonstrate that PEGylation substantially reduces \u03b2\u2013CD\u2013mucin adhesion, with longer PEG chains (2000 Da) providing more effective steric shielding than shorter chains (500 Da). These findings indicate that PEGylation can protect \u03b2\u2013CD-included drugs during transport across mucosal barriers by minimizing unwanted \u03b2\u2013CD\u2013mucin interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T15:31:46Z","timestamp":1764689506000},"page":"11690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mitigating Mucoadhesion of \u03b2\u2013Cyclodextrins via PEGylation: Insights from 19F Diffusion NMR Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kim Trang Huu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 91016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 91016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.10.044","article-title":"Cyclodextrins and their pharmaceutical applications","volume":"329","author":"Loftsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623307310945","article-title":"Cyclodextrins","volume":"36","author":"Stella","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1021\/bm901065f","article-title":"Cyclodextrin-Based Polymeric Materials: Synthesis, Properties, and Pharmaceutical\/Biomedical Applications","volume":"12","author":"Manakker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"95","article-title":"Cyclodextrins\u2014A Review on Pharmaceutical Application for Drug Delivery","volume":"2","author":"Agrawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Front. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1208\/pt060243","article-title":"Cyclodextrins in Drug Delivery: An Updated Review","volume":"6","author":"Challa","year":"2005","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"52","article-title":"Cyclodextrin A gift to Pharmaceutical World Review","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1021\/js950534b","article-title":"Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins. 1. Drug solubilization and stabilization","volume":"85","author":"Loftsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2165\/00137696-200402040-00006","article-title":"Role of cyclodextrins in improving oral drug delivery","volume":"2","author":"Loftsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2.1.335","article-title":"Cyclodextrins in drug delivery","volume":"2","author":"Loftsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3311\/PPch.21222","article-title":"Recent List of Cyclodextrin-Containing Drug Products","volume":"67","author":"Szente","year":"2023","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CIea, S. (2025). Cyclodextrins as Multifunctional Platforms in Drug Delivery. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30143044"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarabia-Vallejo, \u00c1., Caja, M.d.M., Olives, A.I., Mart\u00edn, M.A., and Men\u00e9ndez, J.C. (2023). Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes for Improved Drug Bioavailability and Activity: Synthetic and Analytical Aspects. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15092345"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2025, October 10). Inactive Ingredients Database (IID), Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-approvals-and-databases\/inactive-ingredients-database-download."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.05.012","article-title":"Cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical solubilizers","volume":"59","author":"Brewster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.03.039","article-title":"\u03b2-Cyclodextrin-curcumin self-assembly enhances curcumin delivery in prostate cancer cells","volume":"79","author":"Yallapu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.12.067","article-title":"Curcumin-\u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complex: Stability, solubility, characterisation by FT-IR, FT-Raman, X-ray diffraction and photoacoustic spectroscopy, and food application","volume":"153","author":"Mangolim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.04.039","article-title":"Transdermal delivery of the in situ hydrogels of curcumin and its inclusion complexes of hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin for melanoma treatment","volume":"469","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2018.1505904","article-title":"Preparation of curcumin-hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complex by cosolvency-lyophilization procedure to enhance oral bioavailability of the drug","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.09.021","article-title":"Curcumin-cyclodextrin complexes enhanced the anti-cancer effects of curcumin","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.963900","article-title":"Formulation, optimization and evaluation of curcumin-\u03b2-cyclodextrin-loaded sponge for effective drug delivery in thermal burns chemotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201813666160808111209","article-title":"Water-soluble Complex of Curcumin with Cyclodextrins: Enhanced Physical Properties For Ocular Drug Delivery","volume":"14","author":"Maria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya, S., Ghosh, H., Covarrubias-Zambrano, O., Jain, K., Swamy, K.V., Kasi, A., Hamza, A., Anant, S., VanSaun, M., and Weir, S.J. (2023). Anticancer Activity of Novel Difluorinated Curcumin Analog and Its Inclusion Complex with 2-Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin against Pancreatic Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076336"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.127","article-title":"Beta-cyclodextrin encapsulation of curcumin elicits an altered mode of angiogenin inhibition: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"208","author":"Panda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2015.11.017","article-title":"Cyclodextrins in pharmaceutical formulations I: Structure and physicochemical properties, formation of complexes, and types of complex","volume":"21","author":"Jambhekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1021\/cr970022c","article-title":"Introduction and General Overview of Cyclodextrin Chemistry","volume":"98","author":"Szejtli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saokham, P., Muankaew, C., Jansook, P., and Loftsson, T. (2018). Solubility of Cyclodextrins and Drug\/Cyclodextrin Complexes. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23051161"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0103duraru, D.N., Niculescu, A.-G., Bolocan, A., Andronic, O., Grumezescu, A.M., and B\u00eerl\u0103, R. (2022). An Updated Overview of Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081748"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3390\/polym4010561","article-title":"Versatile Route to Synthesize HeterobifunctionalPoly(ethylene glycol) of Variable Functionality for Subsequent Pegylation","volume":"4","author":"Mahou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1021\/bc00032a002","article-title":"Functionalized Poly(ethene glycol) for Preparation of Biologically Relevant Conjugates","volume":"6","author":"Zalipsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bioconjugafe Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.99","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol modification of a galactosylated streptavidin clearing agent: Effects on immunogenicity and clearance of a biotinylated anti-tumour antibody","volume":"73","author":"Marshall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, J.M. (1992). Introduction to Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications of Poly (Ethylene Glycol). Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Chemistry Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0703-5"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-023-01188-z","article-title":"Synthesis and NMR characterization of PEGylated \u03b2-cyclodextrins","volume":"103","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, J.M. (1992). Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Chemistry Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0703-5"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608611104","article-title":"Rapid transport of large polymeric nanoparticles in fresh undiluted human mucus","volume":"104","author":"Lai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2.2.205","article-title":"Bioadhesive properties of pegylated nanoparticles","volume":"2","author":"Yoncheva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00027-9","article-title":"Poly(ethylene glycol)-containing hydrogels in drug delivery","volume":"62","author":"Peppas","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(01)00259-0","article-title":"Surface modifications and molecular imprinting of polymers in medical and pharmaceutical applications","volume":"72","author":"Bures","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6017(200103)90:3<288::AID-JPS4>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Ocular tolerability and in vivo bioavailability of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-coated polyethyl-2-cyanoacrylate nanosphere-encapsulated acyclovir","volume":"90","author":"Fresta","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00233-3","article-title":"Molecular aspects of muco- and bioadhesion: Tethered structures and site-specific surfaces","volume":"65","author":"Huang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1163\/156856297X00362","article-title":"Enhanced hydrogel adhesion by polymer interdiffusion: Use of linear poly(ethylene glycol) as an adhesion promoter","volume":"8","author":"Sahlin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1033","article-title":"Effect of Pegylation on Pharmaceuticals","volume":"2","author":"Harris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Allen, A. (1981). Structure and Function of Gastrointestinal Mucus, Raven Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1021\/bm025767t","article-title":"The gel matrix of gastric mucus is maintained by a complex interplay of transient and nontransient associations","volume":"4","author":"Taylor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-010-2304-9","article-title":"Properties of small molecular drug loading and diffusion in a fluorinated PEG hydrogel studied by 1H molecular diffusion NMR and 19F spin diffusion NMR","volume":"288","author":"Mathias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloid. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4984979","article-title":"Adenosine Triphosphate Diffusion through Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate (PEG-DA) Hydrogels by PFG-NMR","volume":"146","author":"Majer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.20717","article-title":"PFG-NMR Diffusometry: A Tool for Investigating the Structure and Dynamics of Purified Pig Gastric Mucin over a Wide Concentration Range","volume":"86","author":"Lafitte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biopolymer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.09.006","article-title":"Mathematical Modeling of Molecular Diffusion through Mucus","volume":"61","author":"Cu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1695690","article-title":"Spin Diffusion Measurements: Spin Echoes in the Presence of a Time Dependent Field Gradient","volume":"42","author":"Stejskal","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodziuk, H. (2006). Chapter 9 NMR of Cyclodextrins and Their Complexes. Cyclodextrins and Their Complexes: Chemistry, Analytical Methods, Applications, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/3527608982"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2009.09.025","article-title":"The use of 2D NMR to study \u03b2-cyclodextrin complexation and debittering of amino acids and peptides","volume":"43","author":"Linde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmro.2022.100053","article-title":"Determination of inclusion geometry of cyclodextrin host-guest complexes: Applicability of 1D selective NMR methods","volume":"10\u201311","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Open"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2025.128302","article-title":"Thermodynamic and Structural Investigation of Curcumin-\u03b2\u2013CD Inclusion Complexes Using VT UV\/Vis absorption and 2D 1H NOESY NMR","volume":"437","author":"Siu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.13.70","article-title":"Inclusion complexes of \u03b2-cyclodextrin with tricyclic drugs: An X-ray diffraction, NMR and molecular dynamics study","volume":"13","author":"Castiglione","year":"2017","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.119548","article-title":"Effect of pH, temperature and native cyclodextrins on aqueous solubility of baricitinib","volume":"360","author":"Garibyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.8b02579","article-title":"Charge Determines Guest Orientation: A Combined NMR and Molecular Dynamics Study of \u03b2-Cyclodextrins and Adamantane Derivatives","volume":"122","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudolfov\u00e1, J., Kry\u0161tof, V., Ne\u010das, M., V\u00edcha, R., and Rouchal, M. (2022). Adamantane-Substituted Purine Nucleosides: Synthesis, Host\u2013Guest Complexes with \u03b2-Cyclodextrin and Biological Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315143"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"2119","article-title":"Conformational, Calorimetric and NMR Spectroscopic Studies on Inclusion Complexes of Cyclodextrins with Substituted Phenyl and Adamantane Derivatives","volume":"10","author":"Majer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-012-0214-9","article-title":"Structural characterization and diffusional analysis of the inclusion complexes of fluoroadamantane with \u03b2-cyclodextrin and its derivatives studied via 1H, 13C and 19F NMR spectroscopy","volume":"76","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-016-0666-4","article-title":"Diffusions of \u03b2-cyclodextrins in mucus studied by 19F diffusion NMR","volume":"86","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, W.S. (2009). NMR Studies of Translational Motion: Principles and Applications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511770487"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.1997.1233","article-title":"A Simple Matrix Method for Analyzing Restricted Diffusion","volume":"129","author":"Callaghan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2011.06.002","article-title":"Biological Hydrogels as Selective Diffusion Barriers","volume":"21","author":"Lieleg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(01)75844-4","article-title":"Diffusion of macromolecules and virus-like particles in human cervical mucus","volume":"81","author":"Olmsted","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.11.002","article-title":"Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to mucosal tissues","volume":"61","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2005.11.001","article-title":"Mucin structure, aggregation, physiological functions and biomedical applications","volume":"11","author":"Bansil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(00)00303-5","article-title":"Mucoadhesive drug carriers based on complexes of poly(acrylic acid) and PEGylated drugs having hydrolysable PEG-anhydride-drug linkages","volume":"69","author":"Lele","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5819","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c08836","article-title":"Enhanced Mucoadhesion of Thiolated \u03b2-Cyclodextrin by S-Protection with 2-Mercaptoethanesulfonic Acid","volume":"9","author":"Kali","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1021\/js960503w","article-title":"Diffusion of drugs in native and purified gastrointestinal mucus","volume":"86","author":"Larhed","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(01)02052-7","article-title":"The MUC family: An obituary","volume":"27","author":"Dekker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.1999.10647971","article-title":"Biopolymer mucoadhesives","volume":"16","author":"Harding","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2003.10506874","article-title":"Structural modification and aggregation of mucin by chromium (III) complexes","volume":"30","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"295","article-title":"Effects of lipid on the structure and rheology of gels formed by canine submaxillary mucin","volume":"34","author":"Rogunova","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Perez, A.F., Cardoza, I.L., Baluyot-Reyes, N., and Ba, Y. (2021). Mucoadhesive and Rheological Studies on the Co-Hydrogel Systems of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Copolymers with Fluoroalkyl and Poly(Acrylic Acid). Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13121956"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(03)00061-4","article-title":"Thiolated polymers: Evidence for the formation of disulphide bonds with mucus glycoproteins","volume":"56","author":"Leitner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00115-6","article-title":"Drug transfer through mucus","volume":"48","author":"Khanvilkar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1576","article-title":"Cyclodextrin-Based Pharmaceutics: Past, Present and Future","volume":"3","author":"Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(98)00058-1","article-title":"Cyclodextrin-based controlled drug release system","volume":"36","author":"Hirayama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1021\/j100248a029","article-title":"Cyclodextrin-adamantanecarboxylate inclusion complexes: Studies of the variation in cavity size","volume":"89","author":"Cromwell","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/23\/11690\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T05:12:07Z","timestamp":1764825127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/23\/11690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262311690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262311690","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]}}}