{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:30:34Z","timestamp":1787506234071,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":275,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ovarian tumors constitute a complex and heterogeneous group of neoplasms, encompassing both benign and highly malignant lesions. Accurate diagnosis and classification of ovarian tumor types are crucial for the personalization of therapeutic strategies and have a significant impact on patient prognosis. This review presents the current state of knowledge regarding both classical and novel biomarkers, with particular emphasis on their diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic value. Traditional markers, such as CA-125 and human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), remain central to clinical diagnostics; however, their limitations highlight the need for more sensitive and specific approaches. Emerging biomarkers, including microRNAs (miRNA), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and advanced panels integrating transcriptomic, proteomic, and genomic data, offer the potential for earlier detection, improved disease monitoring, and assessment of treatment response. Despite these advances, major challenges persist, particularly those associated with the heterogeneity of ovarian tumors, the high costs of testing, lack of standardization, and unequal access to diagnostic methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T10:34:01Z","timestamp":1764758041000},"page":"11702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ovarian Tumor Biomarkers: Correlation Between Tumor Type and Marker Expression, and Their Role in Guiding Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0394-7835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiktor","family":"Gawe\u0142czyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Student Scientific Society Anatomia-Klinika Nauka, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3809-5028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Soczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Student Scientific Society Anatomia-Klinika Nauka, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Muzyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Student Scientific Society Anatomia-Klinika Nauka, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2550-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Rydzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Student Scientific Society Anatomia-Klinika Nauka, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Majcherczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Student Scientific Society Anatomia-Klinika Nauka, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8174-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"\u017bo\u0142yniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Student Scientific Society Anatomia-Klinika Nauka, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7450-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20162649","article-title":"Clinical and Histopathological Profile of Patients with Ovarian Cyst Presenting in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kashmir, India","volume":"5","author":"Kant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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