{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:23:36Z","timestamp":1793201016312,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018245","name":"Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["53\/20\/B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["53\/20\/B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Negative energy balance (NEB) during early lactation links spontaneous lipolysis (SL) with inflammatory signaling, yet the molecular response in dual-purpose breeds remains insufficiently characterized. This study investigated how NEB regulates circulating concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and plasminogen (PL) in Simmental cows, contextualizing these changes within concurrent metabolic adaptation. Forty-two cows were monitored from approximately two weeks prepartum to 150 days in milk across six defined stages. Energy balance (EB) was calculated from feed intake and energy-corrected milk yield, while daily milk production (DMP), milk composition, body condition score (BCS), \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose (GLU), leptin (LEP), selected fatty acids (FAs: C16:0, C18:0, C18:1-t9, C18:2, IL-6), and PL were determined. EB declined progressively as DMP increased (r = \u22120.689, p \u2264 0.05). During peak NEB (SLII\u2013SLIII), IL-6 increased from 92.16 to 109.59 ng\u00b7L\u22121 and PL from 1.65 to 2.05 ng\u00b7L\u22121, both inversely correlated with EB (r = \u22120.741 and \u22120.586, respectively) and positively associated with each other (r = 0.728), indicating coordinated activation of cytokine and fibrinolytic pathways. NEB severity was accompanied by elevated BHBA and LEP, decreased GLU, reduced BCS, and increased circulating FAs; nevertheless, ketosis remained moderate (peak BHBA 1.04 mmol\u00b7L\u22121). These findings demonstrate that Simmental cows display a breed-specific molecular response in which NEB modulates IL-6 and PL in parallel with controlled lipid mobilization and efficient hepatic metabolism, supporting enhanced metabolic resilience during early lactation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T15:02:48Z","timestamp":1764774168000},"page":"11725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Molecular Response of Simmental Cows to Negative Energy Balance: Regulation of Interleukin-6 and Plasminogen During Early Lactation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6199-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalina","family":"Wnorowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Siedlce, ul. B. Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0202-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"M\u0142ynek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Siedlce, ul. B. Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7683-4998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Solarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, Departments of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"G\u0142owi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7340-4100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Tucki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 164, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2909-2087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Puppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, Departments of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1710339","article-title":"Decreased concentration of plasma leptin in periparturient dairy cows is caused by negative energy balance","volume":"171","author":"Block","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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