{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:39Z","timestamp":1787028579053,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Dementia Research Project through the Korea Dementia Research Center (KDRC), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare and Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea","award":["HU22C0150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU22C0150"]}]},{"name":"Bio and Medical Technology Development Program","award":["RS-2023-00228315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00228315"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbiome-derived metabolites have emerged as key mediators of the gut\u2013brain axis, influencing cognitive function and neuroprotection. This study investigated whether Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CKDB001 alleviates scopolamine-induced memory impairment through metabolic modulation, and how its effects compare with those of donepezil. ICR mice were administered CKDB001 or donepezil for 4\u20135 weeks and evaluated through behavioral, microbiome, metabolomic, and molecular analyses. CKDB001 significantly improved spatial working memory in a dose-dependent manner, with the high-dose group showing improvements comparable to those of the donepezil-treated group, while passive avoidance showed a non-significant but positive trend. Both CKDB001 and donepezil modulated gut microbial composition, leading to a partial divergence from the scopolamine-disrupted community structure, with CKDB001 inducing dose-dependent intestinal colonization. Metabolomic profiling revealed that both treatments increased tryptophan-derived indole metabolites and altered lipid and short-chain fatty acid metabolite profiles, although these effects were more pronounced in CKDB001-treated mice. At the molecular level, both CKDB001 and donepezil reduced hippocampal tau phosphorylation, downregulated glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) signaling, enhanced intestinal tight-junction proteins, and partially normalized acetylcholinesterase activity, with CKDB001 restoring AChE levels more closely toward the normal control. Together, these findings suggest that CKDB001 mitigates cognitive deficits through coordinated modulation of microbial, metabolic, and neuronal pathways, offering a microbiome-based therapeutic approach that may provide benefits comparable to donepezil with potentially fewer limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262411804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T08:21:43Z","timestamp":1765182103000},"page":"11804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CKDB001 Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment Through Metabolic Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hyerim","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome and Company, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-1178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4993-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeonmi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome and Company, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome and Company, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beomki","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6519-1918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suyoung","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome and Company, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome and Company, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9118-3919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gihyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome and Company, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeseong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome and Company, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1479","article-title":"Cholinesterase inhibitors as Alzheimer\u2019s therapeutics (Review)","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. 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