{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T00:30:21Z","timestamp":1792888221088,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are the two most common forms of dementia due to neurodegeneration. AD is characterized by extracellular amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) plaques and intracellular tau neurofibrillary tangles, whereas DLB is defined by \u03b1-synuclein (\u03b1-Syn)-containing Lewy bodies. Although AD and DLB exhibit divergent core features, the disorders frequently co-occur and converge on shared endpoints. Co-pathology is common and linked to more severe cognitive decline, faster progression, and clinicopathological heterogeneity. Here, we discuss the current understanding of shared and unique clinical and neuropathological features of AD and DLB. We compare genetic risk and pathological drivers (A\u03b2 and tau in AD; \u03b1-Syn in DLB) and their overlapping co-pathology, and review downstream mechanisms\u2014mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cerebrovascular contributions, including cerebral amyloid angiopathy. We highlight recent findings from state-of-the-art multi-omics (transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and single-cell\/spatial studies) that reveal convergent and disease-specific molecular signatures of AD and DLB. We outline a framework for emerging next-generation biomarkers\u2014from blood-based and cerebrospinal fluid assays to imaging and digital measures\u2014for diagnosis and stratification, and discuss potential translational implications. Together, these advances help to disentangle shared from disease-specific mechanisms, which is essential for improved diagnosis and the development of precise, disease-modifying therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262411811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T08:21:43Z","timestamp":1765182103000},"page":"11811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Molecular Crossroads: Shared and Divergent Molecular Signatures in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sandesh","family":"Neupane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5732-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tibor","family":"Hortob\u00e1gyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2003.5.1\/hhippius","article-title":"The Discovery of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"5","author":"Hippius","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e71731","article-title":"Alois Alzheimer (1864\u20131915): The Father of Modern Dementia Research and the Discovery of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Thakor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.12779\/dnd.2016.15.4.115","article-title":"History of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dement. Neurocognitive Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2022-0111","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: 120 Years of Research and Progress","volume":"16","author":"Ciurea","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMedLife"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia Prevention, Intervention, and Care: 2020 Report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiaopeng, Z., Jing, Y., Xia, L., Xingsheng, W., Juan, D., Yan, L., and Baoshan, L. (2025). Global Burden of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Dementias in Adults Aged 65 Years and Older, 1991\u20132021: Population-Based Study. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1585711"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Disorders Affecting the Nervous System, 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Feng, X., Sun, X., Hou, N., Han, F., and Liu, Y. (2022). Global, Regional, and National Burden of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Dementias, 1990\u20132019. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.937486"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.-Y., Zhai, Y.-J., An, H.-H., Wu, F., Qiu, H.-N., Li, J.-B., and Lin, J.-N. (2025). Global Trends in Prevalence, Disability Adjusted Life Years, and Risk Factors for Early Onset Dementia from 1990 to 2021. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97404-6"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e479","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00140-9","article-title":"Mortality Rates in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Non-Alzheimer\u2019s Dementias: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.12.007","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease First Symptoms Are Age Dependent: Evidence from the NACC Dataset","volume":"11","author":"Barnes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breijyeh, Z., and Karaman, R. (2020). Comprehensive Review on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Causes and Treatment. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245789"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s004060050101","article-title":"Clinical Features of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"249","author":"Kurz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2019.04.015","article-title":"Clinical Aspects of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"72","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01146-y","article-title":"Neuropathology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"19","author":"Yachnis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.11.006","article-title":"Entorhinal Cortex Dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"46","author":"Igarashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07973-1","article-title":"Human Hippocampal and Entorhinal Neurons Encode the Temporal Structure of Experience","volume":"635","author":"Tacikowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.02.008","article-title":"Twenty Years of the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Amyloid Hypothesis: A Genetic Perspective","volume":"120","author":"Tanzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(84)80190-4","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Initial Report of the Purification and Characterization of a Novel Cerebrovascular Amyloid Protein","volume":"120","author":"Glenner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687607","article-title":"Alzheimer Paired Helical Filaments: Immunochemical Identification of Polypeptides","volume":"62","author":"Iqbal","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.13.4913","article-title":"Abnormal Phosphorylation of the Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau (Tau) in Alzheimer Cytoskeletal Pathology","volume":"83","author":"Iqbal","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-018-0104-1","article-title":"A Review of Dementia with Lewy Bodies\u2019 Impact, Diagnostic Criteria and Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Capouch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"S51","article-title":"The Synucleinopathies: Twenty Years On","volume":"7","author":"Goedert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0306-8","article-title":"Dementia with Lewy Bodies: An Update and Outlook","volume":"14","author":"Outeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.11.6469","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein in Filamentous Inclusions of Lewy Bodies from Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"95","author":"Spillantini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10557","article-title":"Neuropathological Spectrum of Synucleinopathies","volume":"18","author":"Jellinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0672-3","article-title":"Papp\u2013Lantos Inclusions and the Pathogenesis of Multiple System Atrophy: An Update","volume":"119","author":"Jellinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jellinger, K.A. (2022). Heterogeneity of Multiple System Atrophy: An Update. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10030599"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12334","article-title":"Characterization of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) and Mild Cognitive Impairment Using the Lewy Body Dementia Module (LBD-MOD)","volume":"17","author":"Galvin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000494","article-title":"The Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A Systematic Review of Population and Clinical Studies","volume":"44","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-003-0750-x","article-title":"Age-Associated Prevalence and Risk Factors of Lewy Body Pathology in a General Population: The Hisayama Study","volume":"106","author":"Wakisaka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s44400-025-00022-2","article-title":"Risk Factors and Predictors for Lewy Body Dementia: A Systematic Review","volume":"1","author":"Ratnavel","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Dement."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101441","article-title":"Recent Advances in Lewy Body Dementia: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"69","author":"Prasad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dis.-A-Mon."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Tr\u00e9tiakoff, K.N. (1919). Contribution \u00e0 L\u2019\u00e9tude De L\u2019anatomie Pathologique Du Locus Niger De Soemmering avec Quelques Deductions Relatives A La Pathogenie Des Troubles Du Tonus Musculaire et De La Maladie De Parkinson. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universti\u00e9 de Paris]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-196104000-00007","article-title":"Diffuse Intracytoplasmic Ganglionic Inclusions (Lewy Type) Associated with Progressive Dementia and Quadriparesis in Flexion","volume":"20","author":"Okazaki","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-199608000-00005","article-title":"Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"9","author":"Kosaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00690978","article-title":"Lewy Bodies in Cerebral Cortex. Report of Three Cases","volume":"42","author":"Kosaka","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.5.1113","article-title":"Consensus Guidelines for the Clinical and Pathologic Diagnosis of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB): Report of the Consortium on DLB International Workshop","volume":"47","author":"McKeith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30089-3","article-title":"Historical Landmarks in Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"16","author":"Mueller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein in Lewy Bodies","volume":"388","author":"Spillantini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0031-x","article-title":"Spatial Navigation Deficits\u2014Overlooked Cognitive Marker for Preclinical Alzheimer Disease?","volume":"14","author":"Coughlan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00269-y","article-title":"Alzheimer Disease","volume":"7","author":"Knopman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Report of the NINCDS\u2014ADRDA Work Group under the Auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Dementia Due to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroups on Diagnostic Guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859","article-title":"Revised Criteria for Diagnosis and Staging of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroup","volume":"20","author":"Jack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a Biological Definition of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2021.23","article-title":"Diagnosis of Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Clinical Practice in 2021","volume":"8","author":"Porsteinsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt274","article-title":"The Clinical Characteristics of Dementia with Lewy Bodies and a Consideration of Prodromal Diagnosis","volume":"6","author":"Donaghy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria for Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Updates and Future Directions","volume":"13","author":"Yamada","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mov. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Fourth Consensus Report of the DLB Consortium","volume":"89","author":"McKeith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"7","article-title":"Dementia with Lewy Bodies\u2014A Clinicopathological Update","volume":"1","author":"Bencze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beach, T.G., Serrano, G.E., Zhang, N., Driver-Dunckley, E.D., Sue, L.I., Shill, H.A., Mehta, S.H., Belden, C., Tremblay, C., and Choudhury, P. (2024). Clinicopathological Heterogeneity of Lewy Body Diseases: The Profound Influence of Comorbid Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. medRxiv, preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.30.24312864"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Third Report of the DLB Consortium","volume":"65","author":"McKeith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13151-8","article-title":"Spatial Navigation Deficits in Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Role of Biomarkers and APOE Genotype","volume":"272","author":"Svacova","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-025-00879-0","article-title":"Lewy Body Dementia: Exploring Biomarkers and Pathogenic Interactions of Amyloid \u03b2, Tau, and \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"20","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010357","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010357","article-title":"Cognitive Decline in Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A 5-Year Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"6","author":"Rongve","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"e12306","article-title":"Effects of White Matter Hyperintensities, Neuropsychiatric Symptoms, and Cognition on Activities of Daily Living: Differences between Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"14","author":"Mirza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"10","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Lewy Body Dementia: Discerning the Differences","volume":"16","author":"Wiese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. Nurse J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70084","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.70084","article-title":"Clinical Evolution of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia With Lewy Bodies in a Post-Mortem Cohort","volume":"40","author":"Gibson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0333-5","article-title":"The Neuropathological Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"DeTure","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20157","article-title":"Neuropathology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"77","author":"Perl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mt. Sinai J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn113","article-title":"The Cortical Signature of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Regionally Specific Cortical Thinning Relates to Symptom Severity in Very Mild to Mild AD Dementia and Is Detectable in Asymptomatic Amyloid-Positive Individuals","volume":"19","author":"Dickerson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.3.631","article-title":"Neurofibrillary Tangles but Not Senile Plaques Parallel Duration and Severiti of Azheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"42","author":"Arriagada","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56469-7","article-title":"Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease with Frequent Neuritic Plaques Harbors Neocortical Tau Seeds Distinct from Primary Age-Related Tauopathy","volume":"16","author":"Browne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"S123","article-title":"Abnormal Hyperphosphorylation of Tau: Sites, Regulation, and Molecular Mechanism of Neurofibrillary Degeneration","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mov. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308809","article-title":"Neuropathological Stageing of Alzheimer-Related Changes","volume":"82","author":"Braak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0127-z","article-title":"Staging of Alzheimer Disease-Associated Neurofibrillary Pathology Using Paraffin Sections and Immunocytochemistry","volume":"112","author":"Braak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01602-5","article-title":"Staging Tau Pathology with Tau PET in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.12.1791","article-title":"Phases of A\u03b2-Deposition in the Human Brain and Its Relevance for the Development of AD","volume":"58","author":"Thal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0910-3","article-title":"National Institute on Aging\u2013Alzheimer\u2019s Association Guidelines for the Neuropathologic Assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Practical Approach","volume":"123","author":"Montine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bencze, J., Szarka, M., Bencs, V., Szab\u00f3, R.N., Smajda, M., Aarsland, D., and Hortob\u00e1gyi, T. (2019). Neuropathological Characterization of Lemur Tyrosine Kinase 2 (LMTK2) in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Neocortical Lewy Body Disease. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53638-9"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.005","article-title":"Pattern of Brain Atrophy Rates in Autopsy-Confirmed Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"36","author":"Nedelska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww005","article-title":"MRI Visual Rating Scales in the Diagnosis of Dementia: Evaluation in 184 Post-Mortem Confirmed Cases","volume":"139","author":"Harper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02255-2","article-title":"Neuropathological Consensus Criteria for the Evaluation of Lewy Pathology in Post-Mortem Brains: A Multi-Centre Study","volume":"141","author":"Attems","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2008.00140.x","article-title":"Three-Layered Structure Shared Between Lewy Bodies and Lewy Neurites\u2014Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Triple-Labeled Sections","volume":"18","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00501-z","article-title":"Neuropathology and Molecular Diagnosis of Synucleinopathies","volume":"16","author":"Koga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00954-8","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A Human Post-Mortem Study","volume":"10","author":"Amin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1197","article-title":"Patterns of Cerebral Atrophy in Dementia with Lewy Bodies Using Voxel-Based Morphometry","volume":"17","author":"Burton","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn298","article-title":"Medial Temporal Lobe Atrophy on MRI Differentiates Alzheimer\u2019s Disease from Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Vascular Cognitive Impairment: A Prospective Study with Pathological Verification of Diagnosis","volume":"132","author":"Burton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27867","article-title":"Pathological Influences on Clinical Heterogeneity in Lewy Body Diseases","volume":"35","author":"Coughlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Accuracy of Clinical Diagnosis of Dementia with Lewy Bodies versus Neuropathology","volume":"59","author":"Skogseth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mov. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2025.100768","article-title":"Making Time for Brain Health: Recognising Temporal Inequity in Dementia Risk Reduction","volume":"6","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150204121719","article-title":"Role of Environmental Contaminants in the Etiology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Yegambaram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cur. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin-Chan, M., Navarro-Yepes, J., and Quintanilla-Vega, B. (2015). Environmental Pollutants as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Alzheimer and Parkinson Diseases. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00124"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giridharan, V.V., Masud, F., Petronilho, F., Dal-Pizzol, F., and Barichello, T. (2019). Infection-Induced Systemic Inflammation Is a Potential Driver of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Progression. Front. Aging Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00122"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a006296","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006296","article-title":"The Genetics of Alzheimer Disease","volume":"2","author":"Tanzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2019.11.024","article-title":"Genetics of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Where We Are, and Where We Are Going","volume":"61","author":"Bellenguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01024-z","article-title":"New Insights into the Genetic Etiology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias","volume":"54","author":"Bellenguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32183-6","article-title":"The Causes and Consequences of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Phenome-Wide Evidence from Mendelian Randomization","volume":"13","author":"Bhatta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitra, S., Bp, K., C R, S., Saikumar, N.V., Philip, P., and Narayanan, M. (2024). Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Rewires Gene Coexpression Networks Coupling Different Brain Regions. npj Syst. Biol. Appl., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41540-024-00376-y"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102481","article-title":"Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Breaking the Memory Barrier","volume":"101","author":"Kamatham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"95","article-title":"Functional Recovery of Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Neurons under Disease Conditions: Old Problems, New Solutions?","volume":"13","author":"Bauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1821-9","article-title":"Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Dementia: Current Concepts and Controversies","volume":"125","author":"Jellinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-322815","article-title":"Environmental Exposure to Phthalates and Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Contribution of Metabolomics","volume":"91","author":"Agin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101504","article-title":"Environmental Factors and Risks of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"72","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadu4132","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adu4132","article-title":"Lewy Body Dementia Promotion by Air Pollutants","volume":"389","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00785-3","article-title":"Genome Sequencing Analysis Identifies New Loci Associated with Lewy Body Dementia and Provides Insights into Its Genetic Architecture","volume":"53","author":"Chia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab402","article-title":"Genetic Evaluation of Dementia with Lewy Bodies Implicates Distinct Disease Subgroups","volume":"145","author":"Kaivola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30320-5","article-title":"Identification of Novel Risk Loci, Causal Insights, and Heritable Risk for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies","volume":"18","author":"Nalls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01626-6","article-title":"APOE-\u03954 and BIN1 Increase Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Pathology but Not Specifically of Lewy Body Pathology","volume":"11","author":"Talyansky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30400-3","article-title":"Investigating the Genetic Architecture of Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A Two-Stage Genome-Wide Association Study","volume":"17","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1566067","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis","volume":"256","author":"Hardy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606210","article-title":"The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease at 25 Years","volume":"8","author":"Selkoe","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X.-Q., and Mobley, W.C. (2019). Exploring the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease in Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons: Converging Insights From Alternative Hypotheses. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00446"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06616","article-title":"Rapid Appearance and Local Toxicity of Amyloid-\u03b2 Plaques in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"451","author":"Prada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8191290","article-title":"An Increased Percentage of Long Amyloid \u03b2 Protein Secreted by Familial Amyloid \u03b2 Protein Precursor (\u03b2App717) Mutants","volume":"264","author":"Suzuki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"311","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and the Amyloid-\u03b2 Peptide","volume":"19","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mov. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.2.137","article-title":"The Cholinergic Hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Review of Progress","volume":"66","author":"Francis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2018.43","article-title":"Revisiting the Cholinergic Hypothesis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Emerging Evidence from Translational and Clinical Research","volume":"6","author":"Hampel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00024.2003","article-title":"Role of Tau Protein in Both Physiological and Pathological Conditions","volume":"84","author":"Avila","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0796-783","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Hyperphosphorylated Tau Sequesters Normal Tau into Tangles of Filaments and Disassembles Microtubules","volume":"2","author":"Alonso","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12321","article-title":"Visualization of Neurofibrillary Tangle Maturity in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Clinicopathologic Perspective for Biomarker Research","volume":"17","author":"Moloney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.08.007","article-title":"Cell Biology of Prions and Prionoids: A Status Report","volume":"26","author":"Aguzzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1525-x","article-title":"Heterotypic Seeding of Tau Fibrillization by Pre-Aggregated Abeta Provides Potent Seeds for Prion-like Seeding and Propagation of Tau-Pathology in Vivo","volume":"131","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.5847","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 and Tau: The Trigger and Bullet in Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"71","author":"Bloom","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12424","article-title":"TDP-43 Pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Ageing","volume":"27","author":"McAleese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, C., Soga, T., Okano, H.J., and Parhar, I. (2021). \u03b1-Synuclein-Mediated Neurodegeneration in Dementia with Lewy Bodies: The Pathobiology of a Paradox. Cell Biosci., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00709-y"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neupane, S., De Cecco, E., and Aguzzi, A. (2022). The Hidden Cell-to-Cell Trail of \u03b1-Synuclein Aggregates. J. Mol. Biol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2022.167930"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2113489119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2113489119","article-title":"Different \u03b1-Synuclein Prion Strains Cause Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Multiple System Atrophy","volume":"119","author":"Ayers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serdiuk, T., Redeker, V., Savistchenko, J., Neupane, S., Haenseler, W., Fleischmann, Y., Reber, V., Keller, S., Tiberi, C., and Bachmann-Gagescu, R. (2025). Structure-Function Relationship of Alpha-Synuclein Fibrillar Polymorphs Derived from Distinct Synucleinopathies. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.13.682210"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02157-3","article-title":"The Structural Differences between Patient-Derived \u03b1-Synuclein Strains Dictate Characteristics of Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Multiple System Atrophy and Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"139","author":"Gelders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.057","article-title":"Distinct \u03b1-Synuclein Strains Differentially Promote Tau Inclusions in Neurons","volume":"154","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.10.010","article-title":"Amyloid-Beta (A\u03b2) Plaques Promote Seeding and Spreading of Alpha-Synuclein and Tau in a Mouse Model of Lewy Body Disorders with A\u03b2 Pathology","volume":"105","author":"Bassil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11938","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2357-10.2010","article-title":"A\u03b2 Oligomers Cause Localized Ca2+ Elevation, Missorting of Endogenous Tau into Dendrites, Tau Phosphorylation, and Destruction of Microtubules and Spines","volume":"30","author":"Zempel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082324","article-title":"Initiation and Synergistic Fibrillization of Tau and Alpha-Synuclein","volume":"300","author":"Giasson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaa090","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa090","article-title":"Differential Cross-Seeding Properties of Tau and \u03b1-Synuclein in Mouse Models of Tauopathy and Synucleinopathy","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7281","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0490-10.2010","article-title":"Synergistic Interactions between A\u03b2, Tau, and \u03b1-Synuclein: Acceleration of Neuropathology and Cognitive Decline","volume":"30","author":"Clinton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., Kukreti, R., Saso, L., and Kukreti, S. (2019). Oxidative Stress: A Key Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081583"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4173","article-title":"Mitochondrion-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Lead to Enhanced Amyloid Beta Formation","volume":"16","author":"Leuner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-221286","article-title":"The Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Mitochondrial Cascade Hypothesis: A Current Overview","volume":"92","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64553-1","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein Promotes Mitochondrial Deficit and Oxidative Stress","volume":"157","author":"Hsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-019-0080-x","article-title":"Mitochondria Function Associated Genes Contribute to Parkinson\u2019s Disease Risk and Later Age at Onset","volume":"5","author":"Billingsley","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"151","article-title":"The Possible Involvement of Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Lewy Body Dementia: A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"Spano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Funct. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251328882","article-title":"Investigating the Causal Relationships between Mitochondrial Proteins and Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"105","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e075795","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.075795","article-title":"Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Blood of Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Lewy Body Dementia","volume":"19","author":"Millot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"136","article-title":"Role of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Released from Microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.06.010","article-title":"TREM2 Acts Downstream of CD33 in Modulating Microglial Pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"103","author":"Griciuc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01104-7","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer Disease","volume":"25","author":"Heneka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plantone, D., Pardini, M., Righi, D., Manco, C., Colombo, B.M., and De Stefano, N. (2023). The Role of TNF-\u03b1 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Narrative Review. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13010054"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2022.103804","article-title":"Cardiolipin Released by Microglia Can Act on Neighboring Glial Cells to Facilitate the Uptake of Amyloid-\u03b2 (1\u201342)","volume":"124","author":"Wenzel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-008-0347-5","article-title":"Prevalence and Impact of Vascular and Alzheimer Pathologies in Lewy Body Disease","volume":"115","author":"Jellinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020200068","article-title":"Alzheimer Disease and Cerebrovascular Pathology: An Update","volume":"109","author":"Jellinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-003-0796-9","article-title":"Only Cerebral Capillary Amyloid Angiopathy Correlates with Alzheimer Pathology? A Pilot Study","volume":"107","author":"Attems","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.68304","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Blood Brain Barrier Dysfunction during Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Vascular Cognitive Impairment","volume":"12","author":"Rajeev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.07.007","article-title":"The Blood-Brain Barrier in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"107","author":"Zenaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.036946","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, Stroke, Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction, and Imaging Modalities","volume":"53","author":"Dijkhuizen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-025-00812-5","article-title":"Peripheral and Central Neuroimmune Mechanisms in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.8.5.743","article-title":"Vascular Risk Factors and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Cechetto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.10.009","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Lewy Body Dementia","volume":"21","author":"Surendranathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2019.06.007","article-title":"Postmortem Cortical Transcriptomics of Lewy Body Dementia Reveal Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lack of Neuroinflammation","volume":"28","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-003-0824-x","article-title":"Prevalence of Vascular Lesions in Dementia with Lewy Bodies. A Postmortem Study","volume":"110","author":"Jellinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00999-y","article-title":"Large-Scale Deep Multi-Layer Analysis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Brain Reveals Strong Proteomic Disease-Related Changes Not Observed at the RNA Level","volume":"25","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1195-2","article-title":"Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"570","author":"Mathys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03293-8","article-title":"Correlations of Blood and Brain NMR Metabolomics with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Mouse Models","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oka, T., Matsuzawa, Y., Tsuneyoshi, M., Nakamura, Y., Aoshima, K., Tsugawa, H., The Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Metabolomics Consortium, Weiner, M., Aisen, P., and Petersen, R. (2024). Multiomics Analysis to Explore Blood Metabolite Biomarkers in an Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Cohort. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2973576\/v1"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-024-00782-0","article-title":"Dementia with Lewy Bodies Patients with High Tau Levels Display Unique Proteome Profiles","volume":"19","author":"Greally","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47027-8","article-title":"Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals Molecular Dysfunction Associated with Cortical Lewy Pathology","volume":"15","author":"Goralski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, X., Donaghy, P.C., Roberts, G., Chouliaras, L., O\u2019Brien, J.T., Thomas, A.J., Heslegrave, A.J., Zetterberg, H., McGuinness, B., and Passmore, A.P. (2024). Plasma Metabolites Distinguish Dementia with Lewy Bodies from Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Metabolomic Analysis. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1326780"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14375","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14375","article-title":"Proteomic Signatures of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Lewy Body Dementias: A Comparative Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Branca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-024-00749-1","article-title":"Network Proteomics of the Lewy Body Dementia Brain Reveals Presynaptic Signatures Distinct from Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"19","author":"Shantaraman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bosn.2025.05.001","article-title":"Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Transforming Dementia Care: Innovations in Early Detection and Treatment","volume":"3","author":"Habbal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Organoid Syst. Neurosci. J."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goddard, T.R., Brookes, K.J., Sharma, R., Moemeni, A., and Rajkumar, A.P. (2024). Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Its Future with Data Science. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13030223"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003579","article-title":"Biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Emerging Trends and Clinical Implications","volume":"138","author":"Lian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-008-0466-z","article-title":"Criteria for the Neuropathological Diagnosis of Dementing Disorders: Routes out of the Swamp?","volume":"117","author":"Jellinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-023-00847-1","article-title":"The Emerging Role of Blood Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"McGettigan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03605-x","article-title":"Blood-Based Biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Incident Dementia in the Community","volume":"31","author":"Grande","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102736","article-title":"Advanced Biomarkers: Beyond Amyloid and Tau: Emerging Non-Traditional Biomarkers for Alzheimer`s Diagnosis and Progression","volume":"108","author":"Afrin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polykretis, P., Bessi, V., Banchelli, M., De Angelis, M., Cecchi, C., Nacmias, B., Chiti, F., D\u2019Andrea, C., and Matteini, P. (2025). Fibrillar Structures Detected by AFM in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients Affected by Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Neurological Conditions. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 770.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2025.110462"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutrot, A., Schmidt, S., Coutrot, L., Pittman, J., Hong, L., Wiener, J.M., H\u00f6lscher, C., Dalton, R.C., Hornberger, M., and Spiers, H.J. (2019). Virtual Navigation Tested on a Mobile App Is Predictive of Real-World Wayfinding Navigation Performance. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213272"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, N., Bouter, C., M\u00fcller, S.J., Van Riesen, C., Khadhraoui, E., Ernst, M., Riedel, C.H., Wiltfang, J., and Lange, C. (2023). New Insights into Potential Biomarkers in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment Occurring in the Prodromal Stage of Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020242"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-024-00791-w","article-title":"Updates in Fluid, Tissue, and Imaging Biomarkers for Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Implications for Biologically Based Disease Definitions","volume":"26","author":"Holden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Neurol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadt7195","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt7195","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein Seed Amplification Assays: Data Sharing, Standardization Needed for Clinical Use","volume":"11","author":"Lashuel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-025-02034-8","article-title":"Accurate Detection of Pathologic \u03b1-Synuclein in CSF, Skin, Olfactory Mucosa, and Urine with a Uniform Seeding Amplification Assay","volume":"13","author":"Bsoul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-240327","article-title":"Digital Biomarkers for the Assessment of Non-Cognitive Symptoms in Patients with Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A Systematic Review","volume":"100","author":"Sjaelland","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41122-y","article-title":"CSF Proteome Profiling Reveals Biomarkers to Discriminate Dementia with Lewy Bodies from Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Vermunt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jellinger, K.A. (2025). Comorbid Pathologies and Their Impact on Dementia with Lewy Bodies\u2014Current View. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167674"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500351","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202500351","article-title":"Nanoscale Analysis beyond Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy: Molecular Perspectives on Oncology and Neurodegeneration","volume":"5","author":"Marcuello","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small Sci."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19323","article-title":"The Antibody Aducanumab Reduces A\u03b2 Plaques in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"537","author":"Sevigny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neupane, S., Nikoli\u0107, L., Maraio, L., Goiran, T., Karpilovsky, N., Sellitto, S., Bouris, V., Yin, J.-A., Melki, R., and Fon, E.A. (2025). Large-Scale Bidirectional Arrayed Genetic Screens Identify OXR1 and EMC4 as Modifiers of \u03b1-Synuclein Aggregation. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.10.658866"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2023.100750","article-title":"Binding Modes of Potential Anti-Prion Phytochemicals to PrPC Structures in Silico","volume":"14","author":"Neupane","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09429-6","article-title":"One-Shot Design of Functional Protein Binders with BindCraft","volume":"646","author":"Pacesa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/24\/11811\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T08:24:23Z","timestamp":1765182263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/24\/11811"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"references-count":182,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262411811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262411811","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]}}}