{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T12:47:06Z","timestamp":1765284426581,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government","award":["RS-2023-NR076437","NRF-2020R1F1A1067427","NRF-2020R1A2C1101901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-NR076437","NRF-2020R1F1A1067427","NRF-2020R1A2C1101901"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF), a bioactive glycolipoprotein derived from Panax ginseng is known for its potential as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. Keratinocytes are closely related to the development and progression of various inflammatory skin conditions. However, the effect of GEF on inflammation-related responses in keratinocytes remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether GEF modulates key inflammatory responses in keratinocytes stimulated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1. The effect of GEF on biological activities in TNF-\u03b1-stimulated keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) was evaluated using water-soluble tetrazolium salt, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, immunostaining, and immunoblotting assays. In TNF-\u03b1-stimulated HaCaT cells, GEF attenuated reactive oxygen species production, nitric oxide release, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Moreover, GEF reduced the release of interleukin (IL)-6 and RANTES, while increasing the release of IL-10 in TNF-\u03b1-exposed HaCaT cells. Additionally, GEF treatment resulted in reduced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 release and inhibited TNF-\u03b1-induced translocation of nuclear factor-\u03baB in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 levels in ultraviolet B-irradiated HaCaT cells were reduced by GEF treatment. These findings indicated that GEF exerts anti-inflammatory effects on keratinocytes. This study provides a basis for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262411864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T12:42:43Z","timestamp":1765284163000},"page":"11864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Gintonin-Enriched Fraction in TNF-\u03b1-Stimulated Keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0179-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7677-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Jong","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5751-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8931-4019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Hye","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, College of Health and Medical Services, Osan University, Osan 18119, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Hee","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9697-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Yeol","family":"Nah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2022.105663","article-title":"Inflammation: Biochemistry, cellular targets, anti-inflammatory agents and challenges with special emphasis on cyclooxygenase-2","volume":"121","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioorg. 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