{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T13:38:16Z","timestamp":1765373896135,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SNI-SECIHTI","award":["65406","11644","53185","6630","95426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["65406","11644","53185","6630","95426"]}]},{"name":"COFAA-IPN"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007161","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20253438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20253438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autophagy is an intracellular process that recycles and degrades cytoplasmic components, including organelles and macromolecules, to provide energy and basic components for cell survival, maintain cellular homeostasis, and avoid self-damage. It is currently not fully known if mouse sperm undergoes the autophagy process, nor is the subcellular distribution, protein levels of autophagy-related proteins, and the biological role of autophagy in epididymal mouse sperm physiology fully understood. We aimed to investigate key autophagy markers, including LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1A\/1B-light chain 3), p62\/SQSTM1 (Sequestosome 1), and mTOR (mechanistic Target of Rapamycin), in epididymal mouse sperm under capacitation (Cap) or non-capacitation (NC) conditions. Furthermore, we evaluated the possible role of these autophagy-related proteins on sperm viability, motility, intracellular pH (pHi), intracellular calcium concentrations [Ca2+]i, mitochondrial membrane potential, and acrosome reaction (AR) induction in the presence or absence of chloroquine (CQ), K67, and rapamycin. Our results suggest a dynamic re-localization of the autophagy-related proteins LC3, p62\/SQSTM1, and mTOR under capacitation conditions. Moreover, treatment with specific autophagy inhibitors, such as CQ and K67, resulted in decreased LC3-II and p62\/SQSTM1 protein levels. Additionally, rapamycin did not increase mTOR levels. Interestingly, treatment with these inhibitors also resulted in decreased motility, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and hindered AR induction without affecting sperm viability. Overall, the presence and dynamic re-localization of LC3, p62\/SQSTM1, and mTOR suggest that mouse epididymal sperm could perform initial steps of autophagy under capacitation conditions, and results of the pharmacological treatment could be associated with an important role of these autophagy-related proteins in sperm motility and AR induction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262411895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T12:20:57Z","timestamp":1765369257000},"page":"11895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Autophagy-Related Proteins Influence Mouse Epididymal Sperm Motility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Lorena","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Farmacol\u00f3gica, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Santo Tom\u00e1s, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charmina","family":"Aguirre-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Farmacol\u00f3gica, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Santo Tom\u00e1s, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Inmunolog\u00eda e Infectolog\u00eda, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional, La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 02990, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Alc\u00e1ntara-Farf\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Farmacol\u00f3gica, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Santo Tom\u00e1s, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Germ\u00e1n","family":"Chamorro-Cevallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Toxicolog\u00eda Precl\u00ednica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col. Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Melesio","family":"Crist\u00f3bal-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Toxicolog\u00eda Precl\u00ednica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col. Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Rosales-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Hematopatolog\u00eda, Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elba","family":"Reyes-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Citolog\u00eda, Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe Elizabeth","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1302-6790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Cordero-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Farmacol\u00f3gica, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prol. 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