{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:44:22Z","timestamp":1788281062141,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN607D2024\/003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN607D2024\/003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN607A2022\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN607A2022\/07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/00938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00938"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015496","name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB22\/05\/00067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB22\/05\/00067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015496","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["101066444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101066444"]}]},{"name":"INTERREG Atlantic Area","award":["EAPA_791\/2018_ NEUROATLANTIC project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_791\/2018_ NEUROATLANTIC project"]}]},{"name":"INTER-REG V A Espa\u00f1a Portugal","award":["0624_2IQBIONEURO_6_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0624_2IQBIONEURO_6_E"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging evidence suggests periodontitis may contribute to stroke risk via vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, promoting atherothrombosis and atrial fibrillation. This review aims to synthesize the evidence on the presence of oral bacteria and their products in biological samples from stroke patients and assess their potential impact on stroke pathophysiology, clinical outcomes, and prognosis. We conducted a narrative review of epidemiological, serological, and molecular studies examining the presence of oral bacterial DNA, endotoxins and antibodies against oral pathogens in biological samples (blood, saliva and thrombi) from stroke patients. Seropositivity for periodontal pathogens in blood was associated with incident stroke, as well as with poorer prognosis. Oral bacterial DNA, mainly from Streptococcus spp. and Prevotella spp., was consistently detected in thrombi, whereas no DNA from classic periodontal pathogens was found. The presence of P. gingivalis antibodies in thrombi was associated with lower complete reperfusion rates, while Acinetobacter spp. and Enterobacteriaceae correlated with higher early adverse events and poorer prognosis. DNA detection was limited by low-biomass samples and methodological constraints. These findings support a potential link between periodontitis and ischemic stroke. However, further studies using improved molecular methods are needed to clarify underlying mechanisms and to assess the presence of periodontal pathogen DNA in thrombi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262411913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T14:22:40Z","timestamp":1765376560000},"page":"11913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Review on the Role of Oral Bacteria in Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6741-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florencia","family":"Gayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5939-9876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Moldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family and Community Medicine Department, Bueu Health Centre, Pontevedra University Clinical Hospital, 36071 Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7615-3079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomic Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9241-0207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Vieitez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Unit, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9774-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Lamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9985-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Iglesias-Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory Group, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1483-401X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Diz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Special Care Unit, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9760-8690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Sobrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9251-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yago","family":"Leira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3324","article-title":"Chapter 426: Introduction to cerebrovascular diseases","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Loscalzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Harrison\u2019s Principles of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241308142","article-title":"World Stroke Organization: Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2025","volume":"20","author":"Feigin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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