{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T11:51:33Z","timestamp":1765453893170,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education and Science, State Assignment","award":["12411200103-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12411200103-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The thymus, as the primary lymphoid organ for T cell development, orchestrates a complex continuum of processes encompassing precursor migration, lymphocyte lineage commitment, and antigen-guided selection to generate a self-tolerant and immunocompetent T cell repertoire. The thymus is anatomically divided into the cortex, which facilitates the positive selection of thymocytes through interactions between T cell receptors and self-peptide\u2013MHC complexes on cortical epithelial cells, and the medulla, which mediates negative selection by medullary epithelial cells in concert with dendritic cells via the presentation of self-antigens. Key regulatory elements controlling thymocyte development include the transcription factors ThPOK\/Runx3 and Sox13\/PLZF, chemokine-driven migration mediated by CXCR4 and CCR7, and cytokine signaling. These components collectively exert a profound influence on the final outcome: the establishment of TCR affinity thresholds for tissue-specific antigens in mature T cells. In summary, the integration of multidimensional methodologies highlights the pivotal role of the thymus in immune tolerance, with translational implications for autoimmunity, cancer immunotherapy, and regenerative medicine, as reviewed herein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262411939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T11:17:27Z","timestamp":1765451847000},"page":"11939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of \u03b1\u03b2 and \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells in the Thymus and Methods of Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Aleksey","family":"Bulygin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Golikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 119435, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Sennikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia"},{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 119435, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Involution of the thymus: A possible diagnostic pitfall","volume":"48","author":"Raica","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rom. J. Morphol. 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