{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:59:36Z","timestamp":1781798376448,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WNBiW\/Opus19\/20220\/37\/B\/NZ5\/03926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WNBiW\/Opus19\/20220\/37\/B\/NZ5\/03926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During oocyte maturation, granulosa cells (GCs) respond to fluctuating hormone levels in the ovary. The study aims to reveal metabolism and activity patterns of isolated and cultured GCs, reflecting in vivo processes. A downregulation of GARNL3 and ARRDC4 across all time points (48 h, 96 h, and 144 h) suggests reduced cell signaling and response to external stimuli, which may be related to the isolation and in vitro culturing of GCs from the complex ovarian microenvironment. The consistent elevation of LOX underscores its role in extracellular matrix (ECM) cross-linking, crucial for oocyte quality, whereas FN1 and ITGB3 highlight cellular adhesion and ECM interaction during adaptation to in vitro conditions. The study further demonstrates that ANKRD1 and SLC1A1 are upregulated over time in vitro, indicating cellular differentiation and metabolic alterations. Furthermore, proteoglycan and MAPK signaling pathways are identified as key players in cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM interactions. GSEA revealed heightened activity in vasculature development, the TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathway, cell development, and lipid response. The findings suggest that while GCs in vitro mimic in vivo processes related to ECM remodeling and oocyte development, they also exhibit a tendency towards aging. The research emphasizes that isolated GCs in vitro exhibit time-dependent activity shifts related to cellular differentiation, ECM remodeling, and lipid metabolism, which also have implications for the understanding of reproductive physiology and pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262411942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T11:17:27Z","timestamp":1765451847000},"page":"11942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Expression of New Gene Markers Regulating Protein Metabolism in Porcine Ovarian Granulosa Cells In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9018-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Data","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wies\u0142awa","family":"Kranc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5506-2397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Blatkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5220-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Domaga\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Niebora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6995-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr P.","family":"Chmielewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Bryja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Berdowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5560-5432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"\u017bok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Philosophy of Medicine and Bioethics, Department of Social Sciences and the Humanities, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1098-5627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0694-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Kulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Wysocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, Collegium Medicum, Institute of Health Sciences, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Z.","family":"Spaczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gynecology, Obstetrics and Infertility Treatment Pastelova, Pastelowa 8, 60-198 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Piotrowska-Kempisty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1575-3123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Mozdziak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"},{"name":"Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Kempisty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland"},{"name":"Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"},{"name":"Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Antosik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Bukowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9826-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz T.","family":"Skowro\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12575","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12575","article-title":"Molecular Crosstalk between Insulin-like Growth Factors and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in the Regulation of Granulosa Cell Function","volume":"23","author":"Hayes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-024-01682-w","article-title":"The Differentiation Fate of Granulosa Cells and the Regulatory Mechanism in Ovary","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Jia, Y., Meng, S., Luo, Y., Yang, Q., and Pan, Z. (2023). Mechanisms of and Potential Medications for Oxidative Stress in Ovarian Granulosa Cells: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119205"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-023-03820-3","article-title":"The Function of Exosomes in Ovarian Granulosa Cells","volume":"394","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199423000254","article-title":"The Mechanisms That Control the Preantral to Early Antral Follicle Transition and the Strategies to Have Efficient Culture Systems to Promote Their Growth in vitro","volume":"31","author":"Nascimento","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103091","article-title":"Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Sweetness: How Carbohydrate Structures Impact on the Biological Function of the Hormone","volume":"55","author":"Llamosas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakker, M.-C.E., Brink, G.J., Poot, A.J., Braat, A.J.A.T., Jonges, G.N., and Zweemer, R.P. (2024). Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Expression and Its Potential Application for Theranostics in Subtypes of Ovarian Tumors: A Systematic Review. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16061140"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-018-0134-3","article-title":"Follicle Development as an Orchestrated Signaling Network in a 3D Organoid","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skac105","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac105","article-title":"Stimulatory Effects of TGF\u03b1 in Granulosa Cells of Bovine Small Antral Follicles","volume":"100","author":"Lundberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2022-023","article-title":"Oocyte-Derived Growth Factors Promote Development of Antrum-like Structures by Porcine Cumulus Granulosa Cells in vitro","volume":"68","author":"Morikawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emery, A., Dunning, K.R., Dinh, D.T., Akison, L.K., Robker, R.L., and Russell, D.L. (2023). Dynamic Regulation of Semaphorin 7A and Adhesion Receptors in Ovarian Follicle Remodeling and Ovulation. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1261038"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Holesh, J.E., Bass, A.N., and Lord, M. (2024). Physiology, Ovulation. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02231-9","article-title":"Identification of Apelin\/APJ Signaling Dysregulation in a Human iPSC-Derived Granulosa Cell Model of Turner Syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takase, H.M., Mishina, T., Hayashi, T., Yoshimura, M., Kuse, M., Nikaido, I., and Kitajima, T.S. (2024). Transcriptomic Signatures of WNT-Driven Pathways and Granulosa Cell-Oocyte Interactions during Primordial Follicle Activation. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.08.579446"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson, R.N., Chakravarthi, V.P., Ratri, A., Hong, X., Gossen, J.A., and Christenson, L.K. (2022). Granulosa Cell Specific Loss of Adar in Mice Delays Ovulation, Oocyte Maturation and Leads to Infertility. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214001"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulus, J., Kulus, M., Kranc, W., Jopek, K., Zdun, M., J\u00f3zkowiak, M., Ja\u015bkowski, J.M., Piotrowska-Kempisty, H., Bukowska, D., and Antosik, P. (2021). Transcriptomic Profile of New Gene Markers Encoding Proteins Responsible for Structure of Porcine Ovarian Granulosa Cells. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10111214"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioac070","article-title":"Activin A Promotes Hyaluronan Production and Upregulates Versican Expression in Human Granulosa Cells\u2020","volume":"107","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioae108","article-title":"Protease Expression in the Human and Rat Cumulus-Oocyte Complex during the Periovulatory Period: A Role in Cumulus-Oocyte Complex Migration","volume":"111","author":"Shrestha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2021.05071","article-title":"Decorin: A Multifunctional Proteoglycan Involved in Oocyte Maturation and Trophoblast Migration","volume":"48","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.3.913","article-title":"Identification and Immunolocalization of Decorin, Versican, Perlecan, Nidogen, and Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans in Bovine Small-Antral Ovarian Follicles1","volume":"63","author":"McArthur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubo, E., Shibata, S., Shibata, T., Sasaki, H., and Singh, D.P. (2022). Role of Decorin in the Lens and Ocular Diseases. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010074"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"101806","article-title":"Eggshell Membrane and Its Major Component Lysozyme and Ovotransferrin Enhance the Secretion of Decorin as an Endogenous Antifibrotic Mediator from Lung Fibroblasts and Ameliorate Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"39","author":"Shimizu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400855","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202400855","article-title":"Tuning Recombinant Perlecan Domain V to Regulate Angiogenic Growth Factors and Enhance Endothelialization of Electrospun Silk Vascular Grafts","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahrens, T.D., Bang-Christensen, S.R., J\u00f8rgensen, A.M., L\u00f8ppke, C., Spliid, C.B., Sand, N.T., Clausen, T.M., Salanti, A., and Agerb\u00e6k, M.\u00d8. (2020). The Role of Proteoglycans in Cancer Metastasis and Circulating Tumor Cell Analysis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00749"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donati Zeppa, S., Agostini, D., Ferrini, F., Gervasi, M., Barbieri, E., Bartolacci, A., Piccoli, G., Saltarelli, R., Sestili, P., and Stocchi, V. (2023). Interventions on Gut Microbiota for Healthy Aging. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010034"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C754","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00442.2021","article-title":"Proteoglycans and Proteoglycan Mimetics for Tissue Engineering","volume":"322","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00505-6","article-title":"Reprogramming of Glucose Metabolism of Cumulus Cells and Oocytes and Its Therapeutic Significance","volume":"29","author":"Imanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C.-H., Liu, X.-Y., and Wang, J. (2023). Essential Role of Granulosa Cell Glucose and Lipid Metabolism on Oocytes and the Potential Metabolic Imbalance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216247"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e240028","article-title":"Glucose Metabolism Disorder Related to Follicular Fluid Exosomal miR-122-5p in Cumulus Cells of Endometriosis Patients","volume":"168","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Camb. Engl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2024.10.014","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of MSX2 Gene and Its Role in Regulating Steroidogenesis in Yak (Bos grunniens) Cumulus Granulosa Cells","volume":"231","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sammad, A., Ahmed, T., Ullah, K., Hu, L., Luo, H., Alphayo Kambey, P., Faisal, S., Zhu, H., Li, Y., and Wang, Y. (2024). Vitamin C Alleviates the Negative Effects of Heat Stress on Reproductive Processes by Regulating Amino Acid Metabolism in Granulosa Cells. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060653"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1555","article-title":"Metabolism of Arachidonic Acid to Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids by Human Granulosa Cells May Mediate Steroidogenesis","volume":"76","author":"Dunn","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-22-0404","article-title":"Irisin Modulates Glucose Metabolism and Inhibits Steroidogenesis in Bovine Granulosa Cells","volume":"165","author":"Daudon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp536","article-title":"QuickGO: A Web-Based Tool for Gene Ontology Searching","volume":"25","author":"Binns","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29498","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12697-0","article-title":"Phosphorus-Based Metabolic Pathway Tracers in Surface Waters","volume":"28","author":"Packa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Rauch, J., and Kolch, W. (2020). Targeting MAPK Signaling in Cancer: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Sensitivity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031102"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1997","article-title":"ERK\/MAPK Signalling Pathway and Tumorigenesis","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026893322050077","article-title":"Physiological Media in Studies of Cell Metabolism","volume":"56","author":"Golikov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.022","article-title":"Characterizing the Impact of 2D and 3D Culture Conditions on the Therapeutic Effects of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome on Corneal Wound Healing in vitro and Ex Vivo","volume":"99","author":"Carter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golkar-Narenji, A., Antosik, P., Nolin, S., Rucinski, M., Jopek, K., Zok, A., Sobolewski, J., Jankowski, M., Zdun, M., and Bukowska, D. (2022). Gene Ontology Groups and Signaling Pathways Regulating the Process of Avian Satellite Cell Differentiation. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13020242"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934233","article-title":"Metabolic Cooperation in the Ovarian Follicle","volume":"69","author":"Fontana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianco, D.D., Gentile, R., Sallicandro, L., Biagini, A., Quellari, P.T., Gliozheni, E., Sabbatini, P., Ragonese, F., Malvasi, A., and D\u2019Amato, A. (2024). Electro-Metabolic Coupling of Cumulus\u2013Oocyte Complex. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105349"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20230175","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20230175","article-title":"Granulosa Cells and Follicular Development: A Brief Review","volume":"69","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. M\u00e9dica Bras."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2023.04.009","article-title":"Oocyte-Cumulus Cells Crosstalk: New Comparative Insights","volume":"205","author":"Martinez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120686","article-title":"Jiawei Qingxin Zishen Decoction mitigates granulosa cell apoptosis and enhances ovarian reserve through Netrin\/UNC5B signaling pathway","volume":"355","author":"Shen","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12292","article-title":"Interaction between Growing Oocytes and Granulosa Cells in vitro","volume":"19","author":"Alam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2022.13240","article-title":"Biological Response of Adrenal Carcinoma and Melanoma Cells to Mitotane Treatment","volume":"23","author":"Stelcer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-022-00906-5","article-title":"Signaling Mechanisms and Their Regulation during in Vivo or in vitro Maturation of Mammalian Oocytes","volume":"20","author":"Papis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bharti, D., Jang, S.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Lee, S.-L., and Rho, G.-J. (2020). In vitro Generation of Oocyte Like Cells and Their In Vivo Efficacy: How Far We Have Been Succeeded. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030557"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"553","article-title":"Expression of Precerebellins in Cultured Rat Calvaria Osteoblast-like Cells","volume":"22","author":"Rucinski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.62347\/TFUT3720","article-title":"GARNL3 Identified as a Crucial Target for Overcoming Temozolomide Resistance in EGFRvIII-Positive Glioblastoma","volume":"16","author":"Ling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14607","article-title":"Small GTPase Signaling Hubs at the Surface of Cellular Membranes in Physiology and Disease","volume":"597","author":"Cherfils","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2018.10.009","article-title":"Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Increases Lysyl Oxidase Activity via Up-Regulation of Snail in Human Granulosa-Lutein Cells","volume":"53","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0144","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor-\u03921 Increases Lysyl Oxidase Expression by Downregulating MIR29A in Human Granulosa Lutein Cells","volume":"152","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laczko, R., and Csiszar, K. (2020). Lysyl Oxidase (LOX): Functional Contributions to Signaling Pathways. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10081093"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"6445","article-title":"The Prognostic and Immune Infiltration Role of ITGB Superfamily Members in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1017\/S096719941700020X","article-title":"Morphogenesis-Related Gene-Expression Profile in Porcine Oocytes before and after in vitro Maturation","volume":"25","author":"Budna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48741-w","article-title":"SerpinB2 Inhibits Migration and Promotes a Resolution Phase Signature in Large Peritoneal Macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Schroder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109702","article-title":"TNF\u03b1-Erk1\/2 Signaling Pathway-Regulated SerpinE1 and SerpinB2 Are Involved in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Porcine Granulosa Cell Proliferation","volume":"73","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2023.0361","article-title":"YKL-40 Knockdown Decreases Oxidative Stress Damage in Ovarian Granulosa Cells","volume":"28","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genet. Test. Mol. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqaa094","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa094","article-title":"Developmental Programming: Sheep Granulosa and Theca Cell\u2013Specific Transcriptional Regulation by Prenatal Testosterone","volume":"161","author":"Puttabyatappa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.566","article-title":"Inhibition of ANKRD1 Sensitizes Human Ovarian Cancer Cells to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis","volume":"34","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.5603\/FHC.a2022.0012","article-title":"Identification of Candidate Genes Simultaneously Shared by Adipogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"60","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-0617","article-title":"Dysregulated Glutamate Transporter SLC1A1 Propels Cystine Uptake via Xc\u2212 for Glutathione Synthesis in Lung Cancer","volume":"81","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwad065","article-title":"Follicle Stimulating Hormone Controls Granulosa Cell Glutamine Synthesis to Regulate Ovulation","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2022.100705","article-title":"TGF-\u03921 Induces Type I Collagen Deposition in Granulosa Cells via the AKT\/GSK-3\u03b2 Signaling Pathway-Mediated MMP1 down-Regulation","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Zhao, S., Xu, S., Zhang, D., Zhu, M., Pan, Q., and Huang, J. (2022). Granulosa Cells Improved Mare Oocyte Cytoplasmic Maturation by Providing Collagens. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.914735"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76107-0","article-title":"Distinct Effects of Different Matrix Proteoglycans on Collagen Fibrillogenesis and Cell-Mediated Collagen Reorganization","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des297","article-title":"Decorin Is a Part of the Ovarian Extracellular Matrix in Primates and May Act as a Signaling Molecule","volume":"27","author":"Adam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-020-0612-3","article-title":"Elucidating Decorin\u2019s Role in the Preovulatory Follicle","volume":"13","author":"Kedem","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12970","article-title":"Common Mechanisms of Physiological and Pathological Rupture Events in Biology: Novel Insights into Mammalian Ovulation and Beyond","volume":"98","author":"Zaniker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13602","article-title":"A New Three-Dimensional Glass Scaffold Increases the in vitro Maturation Efficiency of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Oocyte via Remodelling the Extracellular Matrix and Cell Connection of Cumulus Cells","volume":"55","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim. Zuchthyg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1071\/RD21239","article-title":"Transcriptome Analyses of Potential Regulators of Pre- and Post-Ovulatory Follicles in the Pigeon (Columba livia)","volume":"34","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130590","article-title":"Fibronectin 1 Supports Oocyte in vitro Maturation in Pigs","volume":"264","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.037","article-title":"Single Nucleus\/Cell RNA-Seq of the Chicken Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis Offers New Insights into the Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms of Ovarian Development","volume":"45","author":"Leng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulus, J., Kranc, W., Kulus, M., Bukowska, D., Piotrowska-Kempisty, H., Mozdziak, P., Kempisty, B., and Antosik, P. (2023). New Gene Markers of Exosomal Regulation Are Involved in Porcine Granulosa Cell Adhesion, Migration, and Proliferation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411873"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowwarote, N., Chahlaoui, Z., Petit, S., Duong, L.T., Dingli, F., Loew, D., Chansaenroj, A., Kornsuthisopon, C., Osathanon, T., and Ferre, F.C. (2024). Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Derived from Dental Pulp Stem Cells Promotes Gingival Fibroblast Adhesion and Migration. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04882-7"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05474-3","article-title":"Proteomics Approach to Discovering Non-Invasive Diagnostic Biomarkers and Understanding the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Azeze","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730196","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.730196","article-title":"The Signaling Pathways Involved in Ovarian Follicle Development","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000850","article-title":"Where Are the Theca Cells from: The Mechanism of Theca Cells Derivation and Differentiation","volume":"133","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.08.032","article-title":"Intrafollicular Injection of Nanomolecules for Advancing Knowledge on Folliculogenesis in Livestock","volume":"192","author":"Feugang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569377","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.569377","article-title":"Proteoglycans as Mediators of Cancer Tissue Mechanics","volume":"8","author":"Barkovskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Wang, H., Wang, J., Han, S., Zhang, Y., Ma, M., Zhu, Q., Zhang, K., and Yin, H. (2021). Zearalenone Induces Apoptosis and Cytoprotective Autophagy in Chicken Granulosa Cells by PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13030199"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2023.113473","article-title":"LncRNA NEAT1 Inhibits Apoptosis and Autophagy of Ovarian Granulosa Cells through miR-654\/STC2-Mediated MAPK Signaling Pathway","volume":"424","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12954","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12954","article-title":"MicroRNA-146b-5p Overexpression Attenuates Premature Ovarian Failure in Mice by Inhibiting the Dab2ip\/Ask1\/P38-Mapk Pathway and \u03b3H2A.X Phosphorylation","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171396","article-title":"MAPK3\/1 (ERK1\/2) in Ovarian Granulosa Cells Are Essential for Female Fertility","volume":"324","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1060","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1060","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2\/Smads Signaling Pathway, Hippo-YAP\/TAZ Signaling Pathway, and VEGF: Their Mechanisms and Roles in Vascular Remodeling Related Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz164","article-title":"Hormonal Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) Gene Expression in Granulosa and Theca Cells of Cattle1","volume":"97","author":"Nichols","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmae027","article-title":"New Insights into the Ovulatory Process in the Human Ovary","volume":"31","author":"Jo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2022.05.004","article-title":"Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Increases Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Secretion through a Cyclooxygenase-Dependent Mechanism in Rat Granulosa Cells","volume":"111","author":"Petrik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2023.05.020","article-title":"Effects of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) on the Viability, Apoptosis and Steroidogenesis of Yak (Bos Grunniens) Granulosa Cells","volume":"207","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0396-y","article-title":"TGF-\u03921 Induces VEGF Expression in Human Granulosa-Lutein Cells: A Potential Mechanism for the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.07.024","article-title":"Lipid Profile of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with Bovine Oocyte Developmental Competence: New Players in Intra Follicular Cell Communication","volume":"174","author":"Andrade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-024-01480-7","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles and Their Content in the Context of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Endometriosis: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Duval","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snider, A.P., Gomes, R.S., Summers, A.F., Tenley, S.C., Abedal-Majed, M.A., McFee, R.M., Wood, J.R., Davis, J.S., and Cupp, A.S. (2023). Identification of Lipids and Cytokines in Plasma and Follicular Fluid before and after Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Stimulation as Potential Markers for Follicular Maturation in Cattle. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13203289"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1049","article-title":"Fatty Acid Synthesis and Oxidation in Cumulus Cells Support Oocyte Maturation in Bovine","volume":"28","author":"Brisard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Andrade Melo-Sterza, F., and Poehland, R. (2021). Lipid Metabolism in Bovine Oocytes and Early Embryos under In Vivo, In vitro, and Stress Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073421"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2017.1289279","article-title":"MALDI Mass Spectrometry Reveals That Cumulus Cells Modulate the Lipid Profile of in vitro-Matured Bovine Oocytes","volume":"63","author":"Vireque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96588","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21731","article-title":"Systemic Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles in Porcine Granulosa Cells during Aging","volume":"8","author":"Hui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-018-1750-1","article-title":"Genes Responsible for Proliferation, Differentiation, and Junction Adhesion Are Significantly up-Regulated in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells during a Long-Term Primary in vitro Culture","volume":"151","author":"Kranc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3185","article-title":"Insights into the regulation of protein abundance from proteomic and transcriptomic analyses","volume":"13","author":"Vogel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1512","article-title":"Global signatures of protein and mRNA expression levels","volume":"5","author":"Penalva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90021-2","article-title":"Single-Step Method of RNA Isolation by Acid Guanidinium Thiocyanate-Phenol-Chloroform Extraction","volume":"162","author":"Chomczynski","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D891","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1049","article-title":"Ensembl 2024","volume":"52","author":"Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg405","article-title":"Affy-Analysis of Affymetrix GeneChip Data at the Probe Level","volume":"20","author":"Gautier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Kassambara, A., and Mundt, F. (2025, December 08). Factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses; R Package Version 1.0.7. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=factoextra."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P3","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2003-4-5-p3","article-title":"DAVID: Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery","volume":"4","author":"Dennis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxw030","article-title":"Weighted False Discovery Rate Controlling Procedures for Clinical Trials","volume":"18","author":"Benjamini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw313","article-title":"Complex Heatmaps Reveal Patterns and Correlations in Multidimensional Genomic Data","volume":"32","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/18.1.124","article-title":"PathFinder: Reconstruction and Dynamic Visualization of Metabolic Pathways","volume":"18","author":"Goesmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09234-6","article-title":"Metascape Provides a Biologist-Oriented Resource for the Analysis of Systems-Level Datasets","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bader, G.D., and Hogue, C.W. (2003). An Automated Method for Finding Molecular Complexes in Large Protein Interaction Networks. BMC Bioinform., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-4-2"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/24\/11942\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T11:20:43Z","timestamp":1765452043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/24\/11942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262411942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262411942","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]}}}