{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:39Z","timestamp":1787028579335,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/05137-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/05137-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institutional Program for Scientific Initiation Scholarships (PIBIC) of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["178643\/2024-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["178643\/2024-6"]}]},{"name":"Institutional Program for Scientific Initiation Scholarships (PIBIC) of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["CAPES 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES 001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Failure of the endodontic treatment is often associated with persistent polymicrobial biofilms, particularly those involving Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans), which display synergistic pathogenicity and resistance to standard disinfection methods. This in vitro study compared the antimicrobial activity and oxidative damage induced by indocyanine green (ICG)\u2013mediated laser ablation (LA) with that produced by antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using methylene blue (MB) or curcumin (CUR) in root canals infected with dual-species biofilms. The samples were divided into five experimental groups (n = 20): Group A\u2014Methylene Blue + Red Laser (RL), Group B\u2014Curcumin + Blue LED (BL), Group C\u2014Indocyanine Green + Infrared Diode Laser (DL), Group D\u2014saline solution (Negative Control\u2014NC), Group E\u20142.5% sodium hypochlorite (Positive Control\u2014PC). One hundred treated bovine incisors (20 per group) were analyzed for microbial viability (colony-forming unit (CFU\/mL)), the metabolic functionality of biofilms was assessed through the 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) based reduction method, and oxidative stress markers, including Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl content, total oxidant capacity (TOC), and total protein levels. All experimental treatments significantly reduced microbial load compared to the negative control (p &lt; 0.05), with ICG achieving the greatest reduction. ICG also induced the highest levels of oxidative stress across all parameters (p &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that LA with ICG is more effective than aPDT with MB or CUR, achieving disinfection outcomes comparable to those of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, and warrant further investigation in complex clinical models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262412002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T09:36:39Z","timestamp":1765791399000},"page":"12002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Antimicrobial and Oxidative Damage of Indocyanine Green, Methylene Blue, and Curcumin on Dual-Species Biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6361-3128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayara Gabriely","family":"Dourado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ara\u00e7atuba School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gladiston William Lobo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ara\u00e7atuba School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Ces\u00e1rio","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ara\u00e7atuba School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayara Nogueira de","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Ara\u00e7atuba School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Victorino","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Ara\u00e7atuba School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6111-5311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri Gabriel Chamorro de","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ara\u00e7atuba School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rita de L\u00facio Lino","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ara\u00e7atuba School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele Fernandes","family":"Baliero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ara\u00e7atuba School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Guilherme Leite da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ara\u00e7atuba School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6481-5506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Hernandes","family":"Chaves-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Ara\u00e7atuba School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2348-7846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano Tavares Angelo","family":"Cintra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ara\u00e7atuba School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato de Toledo","family":"Leonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-385, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2362-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Castilho","family":"Jacinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ara\u00e7atuba School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"Microbial decontamination of the root canals of devitalized teeth","volume":"61","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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