{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T23:44:32Z","timestamp":1785541472935,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection in humans, with over 200 million people affected each year. This disease is associated with pre-term birth, low birth weight, and premature membrane rupture. Its causal pathogen, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), is a prevalent sexually transmitted protozoan parasite that infects the urogenital tract through cytoadherence. TV infection alters TV gene expression and induces host immune responses, while TV-secreted exosomes carry RNA and protein cargoes that mediate extracellular signaling. This review summarizes recent discoveries of molecules that interact with host receptors involved in cytoadherence. We also discuss human innate and adaptive immune responses to TV infection via a variety of inflammatory mediators. Recent research on concurrent or endosymbiont relationships of TV with other urogenital microbes and cancers, is also examined. These studies not only highlight the necessity of understanding host\u2013microbe interactions in TV pathogenesis but also provide a crucial insight into potential therapeutic targets of nitroimidazole-resistant TV strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262412015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T09:36:39Z","timestamp":1765791399000},"page":"12015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recent Advances in Biology, Host and Microbe Interactions of the Human Sexually Transmitted Parasite Trichomonas vaginalis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Desmond L.","family":"Seybold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA"},{"name":"Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Auxergen Inc., Riti Rossi Colwell Center, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory P.","family":"Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Auxergen Inc., Riti Rossi Colwell Center, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA"},{"name":"Auxergen Srl, Technopolis Science and Technology Park of the University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Feng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan Branch of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-5486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting-Yu","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Auxergen Inc., Riti Rossi Colwell Center, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA"},{"name":"Auxergen Srl, Technopolis Science and Technology Park of the University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200192","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200192","article-title":"Neutrophil interactions with the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis: Implications for immunity and pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Bhakta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, August 05). 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