{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:47:47Z","timestamp":1788918467706,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic agents targeting essential bacterial pathways. The lipoteichoic acid synthase (LtaS) is crucial for the synthesis of lipoteichoic acid in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria and represents a promising and vulnerable target for antimicrobial drug development. This study employed a comprehensive computational pipeline to identify potent inhibitors of the LtaS enzyme. A library of natural compounds was retrieved from the COCONUT database and screened against the crystal structure of the extracellular domain of LtaS (eLtaS) (PDB ID: 2W5R, obtained from the Protein Data Bank) through a multi-stage molecular docking strategy. This process started with High-Throughput Virtual Screening (HTVS), followed by Standard Precision (SP) docking, and culminated in Extra Precision (XP) docking to refine the selection of hits. The top-ranking compounds from XP docking were subsequently subjected to MM-GBSA binding free energy calculations for further filtration. The stability and dynamic behavior of the resulting candidate complexes were then evaluated using 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which confirmed the structural integrity and binding stability of the ligands. Density Functional Theory calculations revealed that screened ligands exhibit improved electronic stabilization and charge-transfer characteristics compared to a reference compound, suggesting enhanced reactivity and stability relevant for hit identification. Finally, ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) profiling was conducted to assess the drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic safety of the lead compounds. These findings support them as promising orally active leads for further optimization. Our integrated approach shortlisted eight initial hits (A\u2013H) that showed interesting scaffold diversity and finally identified two compounds, herein referred to as Compound A and Compound B, which demonstrated stable binding, favorable free energy, and an acceptable Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) profile. These candidates emerge as promising starting points for developing novel anti-staphylococcal agents targeting the LtaS enzyme that cand be further proved by experimental validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262412038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T09:36:39Z","timestamp":1765791399000},"page":"12038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Silico Lead Identification of Staphylococcus aureus LtaS Inhibitors: A High-Throughput Computational Pipeline Towards Prototype Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0079-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz H.","family":"Al Khzem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0292-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tagyedeen H.","family":"Shoaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani 21111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rua M.","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani 21111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7702-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansour S.","family":"Alturki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-9092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Gomaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dania","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Khobar 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3350-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layla A.","family":"Alrumaihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah A.","family":"Alansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maisem","family":"Laabei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology. Clinical Manifestations, and Management","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808203390806","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Infections","volume":"339","author":"Lowy","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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