{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T10:01:19Z","timestamp":1765879279897,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Icelandic Centre for Research (Rannis) for the MariMed project","award":["2112860-0611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2112860-0611"]}]},{"name":"doctoral grant from the University of Iceland Research Fund","award":["RannsoknasjodurHI-visindagardar-2022-90992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RannsoknasjodurHI-visindagardar-2022-90992"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Silicone is widely used in medical devices due to its mechanical properties and biocompatibility; however, microbial contamination of silicone surfaces, which can lead to nosocomial infections, remains a significant concern. This can be countered by surface modification using techniques commonly involving oxidative plasma activation or ozone treatments, followed by treatment with silanization agents. Here, we report an alternative surface modification procedure involving treatment with non-toxic organic hydroxyl amines or diamine dissolved in eco-friendly solvents, thus avoiding using reactive and potentially harmful compounds and not requiring specialized equipment. Our findings demonstrate that ethanolamine in isopropanol effectively activates silicone without compromising its tensile strength, making it ideal for further modification. The activated surfaces showed stable amino group areal concentrations over a 10-day period, confirmed by fluorescence imaging and ninhydrin assays. Subsequent treatments with glutaraldehyde and chitosan enhanced the antibacterial properties of the silicone. Chitosan-coated silicone significantly reduced Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria colony-forming units (CFUs), with Enterococcus faecalis CFUs decreasing from 7.1 to 3.7 Log10 CFU\/mL. This study introduces a sustainable activation technique for silicone surfaces, resulting in medical devices with improved resistance to microbial colonization while maintaining their mechanical integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262412084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T09:57:24Z","timestamp":1765879044000},"page":"12084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eco-Friendly Activation of Silicone Surfaces and Antimicrobial Coating with Chitosan Biopolymer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7609-0368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Amani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gu\u00f0n\u00fd E.","family":"Baldvinsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-3106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivien","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minamo, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Freygardur","family":"Thorsteinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00d6ssur Iceland ehf., Grj\u00f3th\u00e1lsi 5, 110 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0363-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1r","family":"M\u00e1sson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2004.12.013","article-title":"Materials for Urinary Catheters: A Review of Their History and Development in the UK","volume":"27","author":"Lawrence","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. 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