{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:13:20Z","timestamp":1792444400927,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science Center","award":["2020\/39\/D\/NZ7\/01824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/39\/D\/NZ7\/01824"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The search for multifunctional wound dressings that combine structural integrity with biological activity remains an important challenge in modern biomedicine. In this study, electrospun chitosan\/polyethylene oxide (CS\/PEO) nanofibers incorporating Centella asiatica extract were developed and evaluated in vitro as potential wound-healing materials. Nanofibers were fabricated using various CS\/PEO ratios, and the 1:2 w\/w composition loaded with 1% extract was selected as the optimal formulation based on morphological homogeneity and processing efficiency. Comprehensive characterization demonstrated that the nanofiber matrix provided sustained release of asiaticosides over several days, fitting best with Hixson\u2013Crowell and Higuchi kinetic models, suggesting a combined diffusion\u2013erosion mechanism. Biological assays confirmed that the optimized formulation displayed strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, with synergistic effects observed between chitosan and C. asiatica. Moreover, chitosan contributed intrinsic antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, while the extract provided additional antioxidant and regenerative potential. Biocompatibility studies in human fibroblasts showed no cytotoxic effects, and scratch assays confirmed that extract-loaded nanofibers significantly accelerated wound closure compared to the control and CS\/PEO base. Taken together, the results highlight the potential of CS\/PEO nanofibers with C. asiatica extract as multifunctional wound dressings that integrate structural support, controlled release, antimicrobial protection, and regenerative bioactivity. Future work should address in vivo evaluation, scale-up of electrospinning, and potential incorporation of synergistic antimicrobial agents to further enhance clinical applicability. This approach underlines the value of combining natural product pharmacology with biopolymer engineering in the design of next-generation wound-healing biomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262412134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T12:13:03Z","timestamp":1765973583000},"page":"12134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chitosan\/PEO Nanofibers as a Delivery Platform for Sustained Release of Centella asiatica Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Witkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0418-9336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Paczkowska-Walendowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matylda","family":"Nagalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6792-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Miklaszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6599-9204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz M.","family":"Karpi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 10, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8162-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Plech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwillowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9030-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J. Otero","family":"Espinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paraquasil Group, Institute of Materials iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judyta","family":"Cielecka-Piontek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2015.0635","article-title":"Challenges in the Treatment of Chronic Wounds","volume":"4","author":"Frykberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. 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