{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:49:19Z","timestamp":1793832559494,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior-Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006162","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lupus nephritis (LN) can affect up to 60% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of LN. This study aimed to evaluate the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome as a predictor of response to immunosuppressive treatment in patients with active LN. A prospective cohort study was conducted with 20 adult patients with active LN, classes III, IV, and V, from January 2021 to September 2023. Patients were followed up at biopsy (T0) and 6 months (T6) and 12 months (T12) after treatment and classified according to the primary efficacy renal response (PERR) at 12 months. Gene expression of NLRP3, CARD8, CASP1, IL1B, and IL18 was evaluated by RT-qPCR in PBMCs. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for NLRP3 was performed on kidney tissue. The concentration of cytokine IL-1\u03b2 was measured using the BD\u2122 Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). The mean age was 31.9 \u00b1 8.3 years, with 19 females and 1 male. After 12 months, 65% of patients achieved PERR. The IHC intensity in inflammatory cells was higher in patients with no PERR (p = 0.0426). In the no-PERR group, the gene expression of IL1B showed a significant increase at T6 (FC = 2.22: p = 0.0037) and T12 (FC = 2.91; p = 0.0001) compared with T0. Relative expression of IL1B was higher in no-PERR patients at T12 compared to the PERR group (p = 0.0477). The no-PERR group also had higher serum IL-1\u03b2 levels compared to the PERR group at 12 months (2.9 \u00b1 0.5 vs. 2.5 \u00b1 0.7, p = 0.0164). In conclusion, our study evidenced an increase in IL1B expression and IL-1\u03b2 levels over the 12 months of treatment in no-PERR patients, suggesting a potential biomarker of disease activity. Furthermore, a strong NLRP3 IHC staining score was associated with a higher likelihood of no PERR, highlighting the potential of the NLRP3 inflammasome as a predictor of worse clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T11:30:18Z","timestamp":1766489418000},"page":"43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["NLRP3 Inflammasome as Potential Predictor of Non-Responsiveness to Immunosuppressive Treatment in Lupus Nephritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Camila Barbosa Lyra de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade (PPGBAS), Federal University of 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Biologia Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade (PPGBAS), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute Keizo Asami (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0320-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla Albertina Dantas","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Keizo Asami (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9996-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanley de Almeida","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephropathology Institute, Belo Horizonte 30150-281, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2392-8499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabr\u00edcio Oliveira","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agreste Science Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise Maria do Nascimento","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucila Maria","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4641-7429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Sandrin-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade (PPGBAS), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute Keizo Asami (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev311","article-title":"The Frequency and Outcome of Lupus Nephritis: Results from an International Inception Cohort 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