{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T02:08:31Z","timestamp":1783649311724,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Division of General Surgery Academic Fund, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto","award":["GS-09-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GS-09-2025"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIHR-487403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHR-487403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIHR-463181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHR-463181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant health concern, with an estimated 70 million annual cases worldwide. Mild brain trauma (concussions) is the most common TBI (81%), followed by moderate (11%) and severe (8%). Cytokine release and neuroinflammation after TBI may cause blood\u2013brain barrier and tissue damage, triggering unfavorable outcomes, including disabilities and mortality. Current TBI treatments, focused on preventing secondary injury, are limited and insufficient. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are necessary. A growing body of recent literature supports the potential use of incretins: glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, and glucagon receptor agonists, as potent neurotrophic\/neuroprotective agents. Experiments performed in cellular and animal models, and a limited number of clinical studies, provide evidence that incretins might be a novel and effective treatment for TBI. Incretin-based compounds have already been shown to be safe and efficacious for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Therefore, incretins are ideal candidates for rapid evaluation in clinical trials of TBI and might become a novel therapeutic tool for a condition that has very few disease modifying treatments available. Well-designed human clinical trials are urgently needed to determine optimal dosing, timing, and patient selection for effective incretin use in concussion and TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T16:19:26Z","timestamp":1766420366000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incretin Mimetics as Potential Therapeutics for Concussion and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7805-4812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Sipos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada"},{"name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen\u2019s Green, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0623-0347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjana","family":"Jerkic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ori D.","family":"Rotstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada"},{"name":"The Division of General Surgery, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Department of Surgery University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom A.","family":"Schweizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada"},{"name":"The Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2019.1582332","article-title":"Metabolism and inflammation: Implications for traumatic brain injury therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Killen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. 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