{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T23:27:29Z","timestamp":1792106849518,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) comprises a heterogeneous group of immune-mediated pulmonary disorders with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis involves complex interactions of autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis. B cells play a central role in these processes through antigen presentation, autoantibody production, cytokine secretion, and the formation of ectopic lymphoid tissue within the lung parenchyma. Rituximab (RTX)\u2014a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody\u2014depletes B cells and has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent for CTD-ILD. This review comprehensively presents the immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying CTD-ILD, elaborating on the multifaceted mode of action of RTX and summarizing the evolving clinical evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T16:19:26Z","timestamp":1766420366000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rituximab in Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: From Immunopathogenesis to Therapeutic Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Chatzis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, University Hospital \u201cAttikon\u201d, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 104 31 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aggelos","family":"Banos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, University Hospital \u201cAttikon\u201d, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 104 31 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Center for Clinical, Biomedical Research Foundation, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Academy of Athens, 104 31 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonis","family":"Fanouriakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, University Hospital \u201cAttikon\u201d, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 104 31 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0804-6292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Karampitsakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Hospital for Thoracic Diseases \u201cSOTIRIA\u201d, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 104 31 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7030-6166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilios","family":"Tzilas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, University Hospital \u201cAttikon\u201d, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 104 31 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"827254","article-title":"B lymphocytes: Development, tolerance, and their role in autoimmunity-focus on systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"2013","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.11.2151","article-title":"The complete nucleotide sequence of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region locus","volume":"188","author":"Matsuda","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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