{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:20:45Z","timestamp":1781760045687,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 BX004146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX004146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Center for Veterans Research and Education, Minneapolis, Investigator Award Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity and air pollution are two pervasive and increasingly prevalent risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Both independently disrupt brain homeostasis through overlapping mechanisms, including chronic neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Recent evidence highlights the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway as a critical integrator of these insults, mediating neuroprotective processes such as synaptic plasticity, blood\u2013brain barrier integrity, and neuronal survival. In this review, we synthesize emerging data on how obesity-driven metabolic dysfunction and air pollution-induced oxidative injury synergize to impair brain metabolism and accelerate cognitive decline. We describe the roles of pathways such as JAK-STAT, NF-\u03baB, and TLR4 signaling cascades, as well as leptin and adiponectin imbalances, in modulating glial reactivity and neuroimmune signaling. Particular attention is given to the suppression of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in obese and pollution-exposed brains, and its consequences for Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology, including \u03b2-amyloid accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Finally, we examine the translational implications, highlighting the Wnt pathway as a potential therapeutic target that offers neuroprotection in the context of dual metabolic and environmental stress. Together, these insights provide a mechanistic framework that links systemic dysfunction to central nervous system vulnerability, offering pathways for intervention in at-risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T03:06:02Z","timestamp":1766718362000},"page":"92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Impact of Air Pollution and Obesity on Cognitive Decline and Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zoe A.","family":"Keller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA"},{"name":"Center for Veterans Research and Education, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Eggers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0181-2767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua P.","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8516-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tammy A.","family":"Butterick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4914","article-title":"Association Between Cardiovascular Disease and Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution with the Risk of Dementia","volume":"77","author":"Grande","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109364","article-title":"Associations of Air Pollution with Obesity and Body Fat Percentage, and Modification by Polygenic Risk Score for BMI in the UK Biobank","volume":"185","author":"Furlong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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