{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T05:30:46Z","timestamp":1766727046213,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ECOS Sud\u2014MINCyT","award":["A17A05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A17A05"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006668","name":"FONCyT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PICT 2018 N\u00b0 02624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2018 N\u00b0 02624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006668","name":"FONCyT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PICT 2021 Cat. I N\u00b0 24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2021 Cat. I N\u00b0 24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006668","name":"FONCyT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PICT 2021 N\u00b0 00213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2021 N\u00b0 00213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"CONICET","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIP 2020 N\u00b0 00670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP 2020 N\u00b0 00670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007482","name":"UNT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIUNT G739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIUNT G739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007482","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007241","name":"University Paris-Saclay","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Campagne des professeurs invit\u00e9s 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Campagne des professeurs invit\u00e9s 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Streptomyces sp. MC1, a bacterium isolated from an environment contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants, can reduce chromium and degrade lindane, making it a promising candidate for bioremediation. However, a major challenge in bioremediation trials is monitoring bacteria survival in soil. To assess the survival of Streptomyces sp. MC1 during bioremediation, we introduced fluorescence tagging and a selectable marker into this strain by intergeneric conjugation from Escherichia coli. Conjugation assays were performed using two E. coli strains (ET12567\/pUZ8002 or S17-1) and Streptomyces sp. MC1 (spores or mycelium). The integrative plasmid pSC001, carrying a gene encoding the monomeric green fluorescent protein (mGFP), was used. Various donor and recipient concentrations were tested and the presence of MgCl2 or CaCl2 during conjugation was also evaluated. Optimal conditions included low concentrations of both Streptomyces sp. MC1 spores and E. coli S17-1, with MgCl2 in the medium. Exconjugants were analyzed, confirming plasmid site-specific integration and mGFP expression. In bioremediation assays with soils co-contaminated with Cr(VI) and lindane, fluorescence-tagged Streptomyces sp. MC1 successfully demonstrated survival over 28 days. Our results, combined with the availability of the Streptomyces sp. MC1 genome sequence, will facilitate further characterization of this strain\u2019s features and accelerate its development for bioremediation applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T03:06:02Z","timestamp":1766718362000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fluorescence-Based Soil Survival Analysis of the Xenobiotic- and Metal-Detoxifying Streptomyces sp. MC1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2715-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Daniel","family":"Aparicio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiol\u00f3gicos (PROIMI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CONICET), Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, Tucum\u00e1n 4000, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Bioqu\u00edmica, Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia (FBQF), Universidad Nacional de Tucum\u00e1n (UNT), Ayacucho 491, Tucum\u00e1n 4000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria Guadalupe","family":"Gonzalez Holc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiol\u00f3gicos (PROIMI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CONICET), Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, Tucum\u00e1n 4000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristhian Gabriel","family":"Pappalardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Bioqu\u00edmica, Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia (FBQF), Universidad Nacional de Tucum\u00e1n (UNT), Ayacucho 491, Tucum\u00e1n 4000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7935-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvie","family":"Lautru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6129-7093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Pernodet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0184-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Alejandra","family":"Polti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiol\u00f3gicos (PROIMI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CONICET), Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, Tucum\u00e1n 4000, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucum\u00e1n, Miguel Lillo 205, Tucum\u00e1n 4000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.11.008","article-title":"Chromium(VI) Resistance and Removal by Actinomycete Strains Isolated from Sediments","volume":"67","author":"Polti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15002","article-title":"Genomic Analysis and Proteomic Response of the Chromium-Resistant and Phenanthrene-Degrading Strain Streptomyces sp. MC1","volume":"131","author":"Sineli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2011.09.008","article-title":"Soil Chromium Bioremediation: Synergic Activity of Actinobacteria and Plants","volume":"65","author":"Polti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2018.03.030","article-title":"Comparative Study of Single and Mixed Cultures of Actinobacteria for the Bioremediation of Co-Contaminated Matrices","volume":"6","author":"Aparicio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.08.041","article-title":"Actinobacteria Consortium as an Efficient Biotechnological Tool for Mixed Polluted Soil Reclamation: Experimental Factorial Design for Bioremediation Process Optimization","volume":"342","author":"Aparicio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e08142","article-title":"High-Throughput Molecular Technologies for Unraveling the Mystery of Soil Microbial Community: Challenges and Future Prospects","volume":"7","author":"Lahlali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2023.104028","article-title":"Applied of Actinobacteria Consortia-Based Bioremediation to Restore Co-Contaminated Systems","volume":"174","author":"Antezana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138011","article-title":"Fluorescent Labeling and Tracing of Immobilized Efficient Degrading Bacterium DNB-S1 and Its Remediation Efficiency of DBP Contaminated Soil","volume":"320","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krysenko, S. (2025). Current Approaches for Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces spp.\u2014Key Bacteria for Biotechnology and Environment. BioTech, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech14010003"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NP00029A","article-title":"Challenges and Advances in Genetic Manipulation of Filamentous Actinomycetes-the Remarkable Producers of Specialized Metabolites","volume":"36","author":"Tocchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1997.tb13882.x","article-title":"High Efficiency Intergeneric Conjugal Transfer of Plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli to Methyl DNA-Restricting Streptomycetes","volume":"155","author":"Flett","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.6.3583-3585.1989","article-title":"Intergeneric Conjugation between Escherichia coli and Streptomyces Species","volume":"171","author":"Mazodier","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09124.x","article-title":"Conjugation and Transformation of Streptomyces Species by Tylosin Resistance","volume":"186","author":"Fouces","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/36.8.519","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of hmr19 Gene Encoding a Multidrug Resistance Efflux Protein from Streptomyces hygroscopicus Subsp. Yingchengensis Strain 10-22","volume":"36","author":"Qin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1556","article-title":"Effect of Inorganic Salts on the Conjugation and Heterologous Expression of Actinorhodin in Streptomyces avermitilis","volume":"50","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12507","article-title":"Crucial Factor for Increasing the Conjugation Frequency in Streptomyces netropsis SD-07 and Other Strains","volume":"357","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68856-9","article-title":"Cyclic Di-GMP Cyclase SSFG_02181 from Streptomyces ghanaensis ATCC14672 Regulates Antibiotic Biosynthesis and Morphological Differentiation in Streptomycetes","volume":"10","author":"Nuzzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00747","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.747","article-title":"Establishment of a Highly Efficient Conjugation Protocol for Streptomyces kanamyceticus ATCC12853","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2010.02835.x","article-title":"Development of an Intergeneric Conjugal Transfer System for Rimocidin-Producing Streptomyces rimosus","volume":"50","author":"Phornphisutthimas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.1.84-91.2003","article-title":"Intergenic Conjugation in Streptomyces peucetius and Streptomyces sp. Strain C5: Chromosomal Integration and Expression of Recombinant Plasmids Carrying the ChiC Gene","volume":"69","author":"Paranthaman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Applied Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebets, Y., Kormanec, J., Lutzhetskyy, A., Bernaerts, K., and Ann\u00e9, J. (2017). Cloning and Expression of Metagenomic DNA in Streptomyces lividans and Subsequent Fermentation for Optimized Production. Metagenomics: Methods and Protocols, Humana Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6691-2_20"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1900270","article-title":"Development and Optimization of an Intergeneric Conjugation System and Analysis of Promoter Activity in Streptomyces rimosus M527","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-011-1069-6","article-title":"Streptomyces Temperate Bacteriophage Integration Systems for Stable Genetic Engineering of Actinomycetes (and Other Organisms)","volume":"39","author":"Baltz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-007-9586-0","article-title":"Conjugal Transfer Using the Bacteriophage \u03a6C31 att\/int System and Properties of the attB Site in Streptomyces ambofaciens","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"wrae112","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrae112","article-title":"Root-Associated Streptomyces Produce Galbonolides to Modulate Plant Immunity and Promote Rhizosphere Colonization","volume":"18","author":"Nicolle","year":"2024","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1183-784","article-title":"A Broad Host Range Mobilization System for in Vivo Genetic Engineering: Transposon Mutagenesis in Gram Negative Bacteria","volume":"1","author":"Simon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wink, J., Mohammadipanah, F., and Hamedi, J. (2017). Growth and Life Cycle of Actinobacteria. Biology and Biotechnology of Actinobacteria, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60339-1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.57.2.141-145.1949","article-title":"Fresh Isolates of Actinomycetes in Which the Presence of Sporogenous Aerial Mycelia Is a Fluctuating Characteristic","volume":"57","author":"Jones","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00317.x","article-title":"Signals and Regulators That Govern Streptomyces Development","volume":"36","author":"McCormick","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Kieser, T., Bibb, M.J., Buttner, M.J., Chater, K.F., and Hopwood, D.A. (2000). Practical Streptomyces Genetics. A Laboratory Manual, John Innes Foundation."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(03)00160-X","article-title":"High Frequency Transformation of the Amphotericin-Producing Bacterium Streptomyces nodosus","volume":"55","author":"Nikodinovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4797","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13044797","article-title":"An Efficient Intergeneric Conjugation of DNA from Escherichia coli to Mycelia of the Lincomycin-Producer Streptomyces lincolnensis","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-013-0461-z","article-title":"Development of Intergeneric Conjugal Gene Transfer System in Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628 and Its Application for Improvement of Toyocamycin Production","volume":"68","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00189.x","article-title":"An Efficient Gene Transfer System for the Pimaricin Producer Streptomyces natalensis","volume":"257","author":"Mendes","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12217","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150712217","article-title":"Development of an Intergeneric Conjugal Transfer System for Xinaomycins-Producing Streptomyces noursei Xinao-4","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001552","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001552","article-title":"Deletion of fbiC in Streptomyces venezuelae Removes Autofluorescence in the Excitation-Emission Range of Cyan Fluorescent Protein","volume":"171","author":"Mavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2013.12.004","article-title":"Simultaneous Bioremediation of Cr(VI) and Lindane in Soil by Actinobacteria","volume":"88","author":"Polti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-16-3-313","article-title":"Methods for Characterization of Streptomyces Species","volume":"16","author":"Shirling","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00485-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00485-19","article-title":"Modular and Integrative Vectors for Synthetic Biology Applications in Streptomyces Spp.","volume":"85","author":"Aubry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(90)90336-P","article-title":"High Efficiency Transformation of Escherichia coli with Plasmids","volume":"96","author":"Inoue","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05258.x","article-title":"Unique Conjugation Mechanism in Mycelial Streptomycetes: A DNA-Binding ATPase Translocates Unprocessed Plasmid DNA at the Hyphal Tip","volume":"61","author":"Reuther","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/1\/93\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T05:26:28Z","timestamp":1766726788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/1\/93"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27010093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27010093","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]}}}