{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T07:56:23Z","timestamp":1783065383461,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a heterogenous disease, with varied clinical outcomes. Multiplex assays used to measure soluble immune checkpoints offer a less laborious method of monitoring patients with CLL, but none of these panels have been validated. The aim of the study was to assess soluble immune checkpoint profiles in patients with CLL and to correlate these with independent prognostic markers such as \u03b22-microglobulin (B2M), Rai stage, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) status, and the International Prognostic Index for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL-IPI). We measured plasma levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha (sCD25), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), galectin-9, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) using cytometric bead array-based assays. We further measured plasma levels of B2M using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Soluble immune checkpoints were correlated with prognostic markers. The plasma levels of sCD25, TIM-3, galectin-9, PD-1, and PD-L1 were significantly increased in patients with CLL compared to the control group, p &lt; 0.0001. Galectin-9 plasma levels were directly associated with B2M levels (\u03b2 = 0.65, p = 0.012). Our findings suggest that galectin-9 may provide valuable prognostic significance for patients with CLL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T03:06:02Z","timestamp":1766718362000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of Galectin-9 Soluble Immune Checkpoint with Clinical Prognostic Markers in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6658-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aviwe","family":"Ntsethe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6031, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5965-3610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phiwayinkosi Vusi","family":"Dludla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bongani Brian","family":"Nkambule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Cytogenetic Heterogeneity in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"49","author":"Trivedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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