{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:59:53Z","timestamp":1781225993514,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FI22\/00335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI22\/00335"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI21\/01292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AC22\/00029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AC22\/00029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INT23\/00078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INT23\/00078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI24\/01573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI24\/01573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI24\/01510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI24\/01510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"RICORS2040 network","award":["RD21\/0005\/31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0005\/31"]}]},{"name":"RICORS2040 network","award":["RD24\/0004\/0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD24\/0004\/0031"]}]},{"name":"Catalan Management Agency for University and Research Grants","award":["2021 SGR 00883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 00883"]}]},{"name":"Catalan Management Agency for University and Research Grants","award":["2021 SGR 01173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 01173"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major complication of diabetes, affecting approximately 30\u201340% of patients. In many cases, CKD progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The peptide apelin and its receptor, APLNR, which is expressed in the endothelial cells of renal blood vessels, play a key role in glucose uptake and the regulation of vasodilation in the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the apelinergic system is dysregulated in various pathologies, including CKD in people with diabetes. In recent years, the apelinergic system has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for several diseases, with various apelin analogs and inhibitors being developed. In this review, we summarize the most recent literature on apelin and its cellular mechanisms of action, highlighting the role of the apelinergic system in various pathologies and its impact on patients with CKD and diabetes. Additionally, we explore the currently available analogs and inhibitors and discuss their potential therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T11:43:31Z","timestamp":1766403811000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Apelinergic System in Kidney Disease: Novel Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Saladich-Cavall\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebr\u00f3n Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebr\u00f3n Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nephrology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linhui","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebr\u00f3n Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1900-4892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederic","family":"Pons-Pellicer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebr\u00f3n Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5849-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Mart\u00ednez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebr\u00f3n Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2518-7847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conxita","family":"Jacobs-Cach\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry, Drug Delivery and Therapy Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebr\u00f3n Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3611-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila","family":"Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebr\u00f3n Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nephrology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Vilardell-Vil\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebr\u00f3n Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3621-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebr\u00f3n Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nephrology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab170","article-title":"RICORS2040: The Need for Collaborative Research in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"15","author":"Ortiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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