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In each of these tumor molecular subtypes, distinct genetic alterations are involved, and several intracellular signaling pathways contribute to defining their biological identity and clinical response. This literature review summarized the main classic and emerging biomarkers in breast cancer, along with the therapies associated with them. There are several classic biomarkers associated with this disease, such as estrogen and progesterone receptors, the HER2 receptor, and the Ki-67 cell proliferation marker. Given the limitations of these biomarkers, new biomarkers have been identified, including the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, the EGFR, different types of RNAs, plus epigenetic and immunological biomarkers. The integration of classic and emerging biomarkers along with new therapeutic targets in the clinical practice has promoted a thorough understanding of the high molecular complexity of breast cancer and the development of precision medicine strategies which increase the chances of therapeutic success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T16:19:26Z","timestamp":1766420366000},"page":"138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Decoding Breast Cancer: Emerging Molecular Biomarkers and Novel Therapeutic Targets for Precision Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9157-3979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1maris P.","family":"Intriago-Balde\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biomedicina Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito 170120, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3677-3844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduarda Sof\u00eda","family":"P\u00e9rez-Coral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biomedicina Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito 170120, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4435-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina Isabella","family":"Armas Samaniego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3048-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa I.","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador"},{"name":"Instituto de Microbiolog\u00eda, Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2774-1787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Pozo Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas Eugenio Espejo, Campus Cuenca, Universidad UTE, Cuenca 010109, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2091-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele Davide","family":"Bigoni-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010107, Ecuador"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010107, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turashvili, G., and Brogi, E. 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