{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T11:03:48Z","timestamp":1766487828805,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes that immune delay, beyond immune evasion, is key in the propagation competence of major viral and bacterial infections, and that the dynamics of infection and immune response suggest possibilities for mitigating the ensuing infectious diseases. Recent data show a critical role of neutrophils at various stages of viral and bacterial infections, revealing how early activation of neutrophils could help mitigate infectious diseases. It could prevent the gradual overactivation of subclasses of neutrophils and probably not induce it. In respiratory virus infections, an immune delay of several days allows the development of a high viral load supporting infectivity towards further hosts when a delayed and increased immune response takes place. Virus variants will optimize immune delay towards highest infectivity, supporting pandemic potential. The influenza virus, coronavirus, and several major bacterial infections exhibit such immune delay capability. Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) are common, often associated with the causative uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) that has this capability, suggesting that immune delay is crucial in the pathogenesis of rUTI and other widespread bacterial infections. Counteracting immune delay, therefore, is a promising approach for mitigating infectious diseases with epidemic and pandemic presence or potential. Previously proven low-frequency electromagnetic field (LF-EMF)-induced neutrophil activation is such an approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T10:57:18Z","timestamp":1766487438000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune Delay, Beyond Immune Evasion, as a Driver of Pathogen Propagation Competence Through Neutrophil Dysregulation, to be Mitigated by Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (LF-EMF)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jan J. M.","family":"Cuppen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Neiding BV, Werfberg 12, 5508 HB Veldhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6236-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huub F. J.","family":"Savelkoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.01.034","article-title":"Anti-immunology: Evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and viral pathogens","volume":"124","author":"Finlay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2436","article-title":"Viral evasion and subversion of pattern-recognition receptor signaling","volume":"8","author":"Bowie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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