{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:29:44Z","timestamp":1787614184254,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNAM PAPIIT IN","award":["208125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["208125"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020417","name":"Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CIKAS-FICDTEM-25-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIKAS-FICDTEM-25-013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candida albicans is a major opportunistic fungal pathogen whose increasing resistance to antifungal agents requires new alternative therapies. This study evaluated the antifungal potential of Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano) essential oil, with particular emphasis on its effects on key C. albicans virulence factors. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by GC\u2013MS, identifying carvacrol and thymol as abundant components. Antifungal activity was assessed via disk diffusion, broth microdilution, and time-kill kinetics against clinical and reference Candida strains. The essential oil showed potent fungicidal activity, with MIC and MFC values of 2 mg\/mL and 3 mg\/mL, respectively. In addition to demonstrating antifungal potency, this work focused on C. albicans virulence factors, revealing that L. graveolens essential oil significantly inhibited germ tube formation at 1 mg\/mL and completely suppressed both germ tube and biofilm development at concentrations \u2265 2 mg\/mL, along with dose-dependent disruption of fungal membrane integrity. These findings highlight the multifactorial mechanisms by which L. graveolens essential oil affects C. albicans pathogenicity. This study supports its potential as a natural antifungal agent and a valuable adjuvant in the treatment of resistant candidiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T14:05:22Z","timestamp":1766498722000},"page":"166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Targeting Candida albicans Pathogenicity: A Multifactorial Approach Using Lippia graveolens Essential Oil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5574-992X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Rodriguez-Canales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Unidad de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Prototipos, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. de los Barrios No. 1. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2376-8720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Bertha","family":"Hernandez-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Unidad de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Prototipos, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. de los Barrios No. 1. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9013-718X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uriel","family":"Nava-Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Unidad de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Prototipos, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. de los Barrios No. 1. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6780-0710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Aurelio","family":"Rodriguez-Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Productos Naturales, Carrera Medicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. de los Barrios No. 1. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4292-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Margarita","family":"Canales-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Unidad de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Prototipos, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. de los Barrios No. 1. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nett, J.E. (2018). Special Issue: Candida and Candidiasis. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4030074"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2019950","article-title":"Pathogenesis and virulence of Candida albicans","volume":"13","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"189","article-title":"Candida albicans the main opportunistic pathogenic fungus in humans","volume":"55","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. 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