{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:51:39Z","timestamp":1780512699328,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCRD113-059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD113-059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacter cloacae is a growing public health issue worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study reports on a lytic phage, designated B1, isolated from sewage, which exhibits specificity and lytic efficiency against MDR E. cloacae. Morphological observation revealed that B1 possesses an icosahedral head (~54 nm) and a short tail (~13 nm). Phage B1 showed a narrow host range, demonstrated stability within a temperature range of 4\u201337 \u00b0C, tolerance to pH values between 5 and 11, and showed an excellent bacteriolytic capacity with a short latent period of less than 10 min and a burst size of approximately 150 PFU\/initially infected cell, indicating a rapid lytic cycle and efficient replication capability. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the phage genome consists of 40,163 base pairs of double-stranded DNA containing 52 open reading frames (ORFs) with a GC content of 52%. Comparative genome-wide analysis using VIRIDIC revealed that B1 shares 75% to 92% similarity with Escherichia phage IMM-002 (accession: NC_048071), Citrobacter phage SH4, and Cronobacter phage Dev2 (accession: NC_023558), but shares less than 70% similarity with other Enterobacter phages. According to ICTV criteria, B1 represents a new species within the same genus as T7-like phages belonging to Autographiviridae, subfamily Studiervirinae, genus Kayfunavirus. In addition, B1 lacks lysogeny-associated or virulence genes and exhibits potent lytic activity against multidrug-resistant E. cloacae, making it a promising candidate for phage therapy. These findings opened up our understanding of the diversity of T7-like phages and provided insights into their evolutionary adaptability and therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T09:58:34Z","timestamp":1766570314000},"page":"195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genomic, Functional, and Evolutionary Insights into a Novel T7-like Phage B1 Infecting Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacter cloacae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yun-Chan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9658-261X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soon-Hian","family":"Teh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6587-2588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling-Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nien-Tsung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2024). 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