{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T22:42:11Z","timestamp":1782945731574,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences of the University of Lodz"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cadmium (Cd) induces oxidative stress and disrupts nuclear organization and chromatin-associated metabolic processes in plant cells. Therefore, identifying natural, biodegradable, non-bioaccumulative compounds that enhance plant tolerance to heavy metals is crucial. We hypothesized that Cd exposure (175 \u00b5M CdCl2, 24 h) activates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), triggering defined epigenetic modifications that lead to transcriptional repression, and that thyme oil (TO; 0.03% (v\/v), emulsified) mitigates these effects by stabilizing chromatin organization. We analyzed nuclear MAPK (p44\/42) activation, global DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine; 5-mC), and selected histone modifications as key components of early stress signaling and epigenetic regulation. We found that Cd exposure doubled global 5-mC levels and caused pronounced alterations in histone marks, including decreases in H3K4Me2 (~34%), H3T45Ph (~48%), and H4K5Ac, accompanied by strong increases in H3K9Ac (~57%) and H3K56Ac (~148%). These changes were associated with chromatin condensation and reduced transcriptional activity. In contrast, co-treatment with TO maintained MAPK activity and epigenetic parameters close to control levels, preventing chromatin compaction and transcriptional repression. Together, these findings indicate that TO stabilizes the nuclear signaling\u2013epigenetic interface under Cd stress and represents a promising bioprotective strategy. This work provides the first demonstration that TO modulates both MAPK activation and Cd-induced histone modifications in plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:27:51Z","timestamp":1766586471000},"page":"208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Stabilization of the MAPK\u2013Epigenetic Signaling Axis Underlies the Protective Effect of Thyme Oil Against Cadmium Stress in Root Meristem Cells of Vicia faba"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5484-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Gocek-Szczurtek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6401-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"\u017babka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9656-4967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Wr\u00f3blewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9655-001X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna T.","family":"Polit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136497","article-title":"Foliage Application of Selenium and Silicon Nanoparticles Alleviates Cd and Pb Toxicity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"712","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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