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Fecundity is a key determinant underlying the rapid outbreaks of agricultural insect pests. Nevertheless, the potential involvement of MATH proteins in the regulation of fecundity in agriculturally important insects, particularly planthoppers, remains largely uncharacterized. This study identified key members of the MATH protein family that are conserved in planthoppers and involved in the regulation of insect fecundity. A total of 121 identified MATH proteins from 31 insect species were classified into five distinct clades based on protein structures, predominantly represented by the MATH-BTB, MATH-USP7, and MATH-Zf-Box subtypes, which are largely conserved across most agricultural insect species. In planthoppers, the MATH-BTB subtype gene cluster SfMATH1\u2013NlMATH3\u2013LsMATH3 constitutes a tripartite collinear gene set conserved across all three species. Among the four ovary-specific expressed MATH genes, NlMATH3 exhibited the highest expression level in the ovary. Moreover, silencing NlMATH3 significantly impaired ovarian development in adult females and reduced both the number of deposited and hatched eggs, which was associated with downregulation of vitellogenin (Vg) and its receptor VgR, as well as elevating activity in metabolic and immune signaling pathways. In summary, this study provides novel insights into the evolutionary dynamics of the MATH family in agricultural insects, particularly planthoppers, and elucidates the critical regulatory role of the planthopper conserved MATH-BTB protein NlMATH3 in insect fecundity. The conservation of NlMATH3 homologs across planthoppers highlights their potential as targets for RNAi-based pest control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T16:41:19Z","timestamp":1766594479000},"page":"219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Conserved Planthopper MATH-BTB Protein Regulates Fecundity in Nilaparvata legens St\u00e5l"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8996-4030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangshuo","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, 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Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2148-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90532-0","article-title":"A novel family of putative signal transducers associated with the cytoplasmic domain of the 75 kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor","volume":"78","author":"Rothe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24242","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M100354200","article-title":"A diverse 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