{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T05:16:15Z","timestamp":1767244575030,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SIP 20254045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20254045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SIP 20250361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20250361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) is a benign neoplasm derived from the Schneiderian membrane and the endoderm of the ciliated respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. SNIP is uncommon and typically found between the fourth and seventh decades of life, with men being more frequently affected. The medical significance of this benign neoplasm lies in its potential to cause local tissue destruction, tendency toward malignancy, and high recurrence rate. This study describes the histology of the nasosinusal mucosa and histological characteristics of SNIP, as well as its clinical manifestations and treatment. We also describe findings in the development of SNIP such as chronic inflammation and environmental factors. Additionally, we describe the association between cases positive for the human papillomavirus (HPV) and progression to malignancy and recurrence. This analysis includes the tumor microenvironment, encompassing the infiltration of immune cells such as CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, macrophage polarization, and increases in certain metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). Finally, we address epigenetic alterations associated with HPV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:50:21Z","timestamp":1766710221000},"page":"245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human Papillomavirus: Possible Mechanisms of Damage in Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ana Karla","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Otorrinolaringolog\u00eda, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional \u201c20 de Noviembre\u201d, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City 03100, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8627-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeca","family":"P\u00e9rez Cabeza de Vaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9658-2727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovani","family":"Visoso-Carvajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moises","family":"Lopez-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen Selene","family":"Garc\u00eda-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Virolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda. 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