{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T05:34:19Z","timestamp":1766986459157,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains a significant public health threat globally with significant socio-economic impacts. People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) have a high risk of severe outcomes of COVID-19 due to immunosuppression. Clinical manifestation of COVID-19 in HIV patients largely remains unclear. We carried out a pilot study to investigate the clinical laboratory data and circulating cytokines in PLWH infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in Tatarstan, Russia. Serum samples were collected from three groups: PLWH with COVID-19 (PLWH\/COVID-19), COVID-19-only, and uninfected controls. We found an increased risk of severe COVID-19 in PLWH\/COVID-19 patients compared to COVID-19-only. Four fatal cases were in PLWH\/COVID-19, while there was no fatality in COVID-19-only. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, and IL-15, were elevated in PLWH\/COVID-19 compered to COVID-19-only. These preliminary findings highlight the potential for more severe COVID-19 in PLWH\/COVID-19 where pro-inflammatory cytokines could play pathogenic role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T05:28:19Z","timestamp":1766986099000},"page":"288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Pilot Study of COVID-19 Outcomes in People Living with HIV in Tatarstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8220-6108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalya","family":"Andreeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6552-6068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Moiseeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Garipova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Venera","family":"Shakirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Martynova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6988-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilnur","family":"Salafutdinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Khaiboullina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4409-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuriy","family":"Davidyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0211-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinothile","family":"Khuzwayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ntombenhle","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahlo","family":"Turdikulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Technologies, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dilbar","family":"Dalimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Technologies, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2928-8805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirakbar","family":"Yakubov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Technologies, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Morzunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9427-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Rizvanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine 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