{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:53:32Z","timestamp":1790178812895,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"University of Milan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has traditionally been the primary biomarker used to assess cardiovascular risk. However, a substantial proportion of cardiovascular events occur in individuals with LDL-C levels within the normal range, highlighting the need for additional risk markers. Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has emerged as an independent and genetically determined cardiovascular risk factor that is not adequately captured by conventional lipid profiling. Elevated Lp(a) levels are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, and calcific aortic valve stenosis, and appear to be particularly relevant in the context of premature cardiovascular events. The pathogenicity of Lp(a) is driven by distinct mechanisms that extend beyond cholesterol transport. These include pro-atherogenic, pro-inflammatory, and pro-thrombotic effects mediated largely by oxidized phospholipids carried by the particle and by the structural properties of apolipoprotein(a), which interfere with fibrinolysis. Despite its strong and stable genetic determination, Lp(a) remains underrecognized and inconsistently measured in clinical practice, partly due to historical limitations in assay standardization and reporting. This minireview summarizes current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying elevated Lp(a), discusses its clinical implications for cardiovascular risk assessment, and highlights the importance of standardized Lp(a) measurement in routine practice, particularly in light of emerging Lp(a)-targeted therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T05:28:19Z","timestamp":1766986099000},"page":"290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Lp(a) in the Horizon of Diagnostics and Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7020-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Formisano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6461-654X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Vianello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Experimental Laboratory for Research on Organ Damage Biomarkers, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5833-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Dozio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Experimental Laboratory for Research on Organ Damage Biomarkers, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4863-178X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenza","family":"Tacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Experimental Laboratory for Research on Organ Damage Biomarkers, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1356-525X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigina","family":"Romani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Frati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9070-4807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Curcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7604-0189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Maria","family":"Bellet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7928-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano Marco","family":"Corsi-Romanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"397","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) is a Prevalent yet Vastly Underrecognized Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"12","author":"Rendler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Care Curr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000823","article-title":"Understanding the ins and outs of lipoprotein (a) metabolism","volume":"33","author":"Boffa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20240037","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease","volume":"481","author":"Boffa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01308-4","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease","volume":"404","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e1","article-title":"2025 Focused Update of the 2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias","volume":"26","author":"Mach","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gionale Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R061648","article-title":"Lipoprotein (a) measurements for clinical application","volume":"57","author":"Marcovina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"75","article-title":"Lipoprotein-a: A laboratory tool for clinical categorization of CVD","volume":"14","author":"Hoque","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mymensingh Med. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.65238","article-title":"Harmonization of Lipoprotein(a) Immunoassays Using A Serum Panel Value Assigned with The IFCC-Endorsed Mass Spectrometry-Based Reference Measurement Procedure as A First Step Towards Apolipoprotein Standardization","volume":"32","author":"Miida","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.042","article-title":"A Test in Context: Lipoprotein(a): Diagnosis, Prognosis, Controversies, and Emerging Therapies","volume":"69","author":"Tsimikas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2024.05.023","article-title":"Temporal variability of Lp(a) in clinically stable patients: Implications for cardiovascular risk assessment","volume":"163","author":"Matta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq386","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: Current status","volume":"31","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2016.09.012","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a)-cholesterol levels estimated by vertical auto profile correlate poorly with Lp(a) mass in hyperlipidemic subjects: Implications for clinical practice interpretation of Lp(a)-mediated risk","volume":"10","author":"Yeang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003489","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.121.003489","article-title":"Genome-Wide Characterization of a Highly Penetrant Form of Hyperlipoprotein(a)emia Associated With Genetically Elevated Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"15","author":"Coassin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Genom. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.02.018","article-title":"Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: An Observational and Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"79","author":"Chong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.01.014","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) Cholesterol Masquerading as Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Catch Me if You Can","volume":"79","author":"Pare","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.125.322347","article-title":"Oxidized Phospholipids on ApoB-100, Platelet Activation and Reactivity, and Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Tsimikas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2174\/187152906779010764","article-title":"Novel insights into Lp(a) physiology and pathogenicity: More questions than answers?","volume":"6","author":"Koschinsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Hematol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-016-0622-1","article-title":"Emerging Therapeutic Options for Lowering of Lipoprotein(a): Implications for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"18","author":"Boffa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103845","article-title":"LP(a): The new marker of high cardiovascular risk","volume":"35","author":"Averna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2023.11.015","article-title":"Consideration and Application of Lipoprotein(a) in the Risk Assessment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Adults","volume":"6","author":"Yuen","year":"2024","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138376","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4138376","article-title":"LPA Gene Polymorphisms and Gene Expression Associated with Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"2017","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315291","article-title":"Lp(a) (Lipoprotein[a]) Concentrations and Incident Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: New Insights From a Large National Biobank","volume":"41","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000237","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a): Novel target and emergence of novel therapies to lower cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"23","author":"Tsimikas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2023.11.014","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) levels and carotid intima-media thickness in children: A 20-year follow-up study","volume":"18","author":"Hutten","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2022.12.009","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and familial hypercholesterolemia: Partners in crime in heritable hyperlipidemia","volume":"365","author":"Kamstrup","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae032","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease: Sifting the evidence to guide future research","volume":"31","author":"Kamstrup","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac361","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: A European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement","volume":"43","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2022). Low-dose Aspirin as Primary Prevention for Adults without Cardiovascular Disease. J. Am. Assoc. Nurse Pract., 34, 1278\u20131279.","DOI":"10.1097\/JXX.0000000000000808"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colantonio, L.D., Wang, Z., Ghazi, L., Alanaeme, C.J., Christenson, A., Dubal, M., Fasokun, M.E., Malick, W.A., Levitan, E.B., and Rosenson, R.S. (2025). Aspirin Use and the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease by Lipoprotein(a) Levels: A Multi-Cohort Study. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., zwaf547.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf547"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1129","article-title":"2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults","volume":"37","author":"Pearson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2019.11.005","article-title":"The 2018 AHA\/ACC\/Multi-Society Cholesterol guidelines: Looking at past, present and future","volume":"62","author":"Stone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2019.04.010","article-title":"Use of Lipoprotein(a) in clinical practice: A biomarker whose time has come. A scientific statement from the National Lipid Association","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.801","article-title":"Genetically elevated lipoprotein(a) and increased risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"301","author":"Kamstrup","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2019-315840","article-title":"ApoCIII-Lp(a) complexes in conjunction with Lp(a)-OxPL predict rapid progression of aortic stenosis","volume":"106","author":"Capoulade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02307-6","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and risk-weighted apolipoprotein B: A novel metric for atherogenic risk","volume":"23","author":"Rehman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2016(04)11","article-title":"High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Cardiovascular Disease Across Countries and Ethnicities","volume":"71","author":"Fonseca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"448","article-title":"Coronary Artery Calcium Score Is Associated with Acute Pancreatitis Independent of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Benson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.01.021","article-title":"High-Sensitivity Troponin I and Coronary Computed Tomography in Symptomatic Outpatients With Suspected CAD: Insights From the PROMISE Trial","volume":"12","author":"Januzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.09.1605","article-title":"Association of Lp(a) With Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in U.S. Hispanics and Latinos","volume":"86","author":"Danilov","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002432","article-title":"Lipoprotein apheresis in patients with maximally tolerated lipid-lowering therapy, lipoprotein(a)-hyperlipoproteinemia, and progressive cardiovascular disease: Prospective observational multicenter study","volume":"128","author":"Leebmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009778","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009778","article-title":"Eradicating the Burden of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease by Lowering Apolipoprotein B Lipoproteins Earlier in Life","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2503824","article-title":"Targeting Lipoprotein(a)\u2014The Next Frontier in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"392","author":"Rader","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2022.05.004","article-title":"Study design and rationale for the Olpasiran trials of Cardiovascular Events And lipoproteiN(a) reduction-DOSE finding study (OCEAN(a)-DOSE)","volume":"251","author":"JA","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"200262","article-title":"Emerging Lp(a)-Lowering therapies: Is muvalaplin a potential breakthrough?","volume":"21","author":"Afzal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Risk Prev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2024.100723","article-title":"Measuring Lp(a) particles with a novel isoform-insensitive immunoassay illustrates efficacy of muvalaplin","volume":"66","author":"Swearingen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2530631","article-title":"The mysteries of lipoprotein(a)","volume":"246","author":"Utermann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2012.02592.x","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a): Resurrected by genetics","volume":"273","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R067314","article-title":"Structure, function, and genetics of lipoprotein (a)","volume":"57","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00201550","article-title":"Effects of the apolipoprotein(a) size polymorphism on the lipoprotein(a) concentration in 7 ethnic groups","volume":"86","author":"Sandholzer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115855","article-title":"Apolipoprotein(a) gene accounts for greater than 90% of the variation in plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations","volume":"90","author":"Boerwinkle","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902604","article-title":"Genetic variants associated with Lp(a) lipoprotein level and coronary disease","volume":"361","author":"Clarke","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312951","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a)-Lowering by 50 mg\/dL (105 nmol\/L) May Be Needed to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease 20% in Secondary Prevention: A Population-Based Study","volume":"40","author":"Madsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"e1082","article-title":"2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"139","author":"Grundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.123.004137","article-title":"Contribution of Lipoprotein(a) to Polygenic Risk Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease: A Prospective UK Biobank Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Manikpurage","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Genom. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04668-w","article-title":"Deep coverage whole genome sequences and plasma lipoprotein(a) in individuals of European and African ancestries","volume":"9","author":"Zekavat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae100","article-title":"Association between lipoprotein(a), LPA genetic risk score, aortic valve disease, and subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events","volume":"31","author":"Moore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/1\/290\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T05:11:46Z","timestamp":1767071506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/1\/290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27010290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27010290","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]}}}