{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T05:34:24Z","timestamp":1766986464695,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertension contributes to brain dysfunction through apoptosis, oxidative stress, reduced neuronal connectivity, and neurotransmitter imbalance. Exercise training is a non-pharmacological strategy known to modulate these molecular alterations. This study investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on transcriptomic changes in the cerebral cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Rats were assigned to either a HIIT intervention group (HIIT-HFD-SHR) or a sedentary control group (HFD-SHR). Cortical RNA was extracted, sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, and analyzed with DESeq2. Functional enrichment was conducted using Metascape. RNA-seq identified 1223 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (adjusted p &lt; 0.05), with 51 remaining significant under stringent criteria (adjusted p &lt; 0.001, |log2FC| &gt; 0.5). Among these, eight key genes were closely associated with the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy, including seven downregulated (Egr1, Atf3, Tgm2, Lgals1, Nr4a1, Plekhf1, Nupr1) and one upregulated (Trim39). This transcriptomic analysis following HIIT also modulated circadian rhythm, long-term memory processes, and hypoxia response in the hypertensive brain. These findings indicate that HIIT decreases apoptosis and autophagy and improves circadian rhythm, long-term memory, and hypoxia in hypertensive rats\u2019 brains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T05:28:19Z","timestamp":1766986099000},"page":"304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptomic Analysis of High-Intensity Interval Training in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats\u2019 Brains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Arslan","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7457-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iqbal Ali","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Healthcare Science, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bor-Tsang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung 404336, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6147-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Yuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-An","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ai-Lun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8393-8349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shin-Da","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Healthcare Science, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(01)00318-9","article-title":"Hypertensive brain damage: Comparative evaluation of protective effect of treatment with dihydropyridine derivatives in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"122","author":"Sabbatini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mech. 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