{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:42:23Z","timestamp":1791924143878,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Space Agency at DLR"},{"name":"BMFTR","award":["50WB2519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50WB2519"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microgravity (\u00b5g)-generated three-dimensional (3D) multicellular aggregates can serve as models of tissue and disease development. They are relevant in the fields of cancer and in vitro metastasis or regenerative medicine (tissue engineering). Driven by the 3R concept\u2014replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal testing\u2014\u00b5g-exposure of human cells represents a new alternative method that avoids animal experiments entirely. New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) are used in biomedical research, pharmacology, toxicology, cancer research, radiotherapy, and translational regenerative medicine. Various types of human cells grow as 3D spheroids or organoids when exposed to \u00b5g-conditions provided by \u00b5g simulating instruments on Earth. Examples for such \u00b5g-simulators are the Rotating Wall Vessel, the Random Positioning Machine, and the 2D or 3D clinostat. This review summarizes the most recent literature focusing on \u00b5g-engineered tissues. We are discussing all reports examining different tumor cell types from breast, lung, thyroid, prostate, and gastrointestinal cancers. Moreover, we are focusing on \u00b5g-generated spheroids and organoids derived from healthy cells like chondrocytes, stem cells, bone cells, endothelial cells, and cardiovascular cells. The obtained data from NAMs and \u00b5g-experiments clearly imply that they can support translational medicine on Earth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T06:25:51Z","timestamp":1766989551000},"page":"341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["New Knowledge About Tissue Engineering Under Microgravity Conditions in Space and on Earth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8160-859X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Wehland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Stra\u00dfe 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Group \u201cMagdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen\u201d (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3588-6350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Corydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3663-2953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Fernando","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Stra\u00dfe 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4488-1431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Abdelfattah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Stra\u00dfe 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6606-6315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayashree","family":"Sahana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0226-964X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herbert","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Stra\u00dfe 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Group \u201cMagdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen\u201d (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7756-5876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashwini","family":"Mushunuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Stra\u00dfe 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Engineering, Brandenburg University of Applied Sciences, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9513-8588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Burenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon L.","family":"Wuest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Biology Group, Institute of Medical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 6052 Hergiswil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1120-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Group \u201cMagdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen\u201d (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6557-2163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger 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Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"312","article-title":"Basics and possibilities of tissue engineering in vitro","volume":"78","author":"Allgower","year":"1948","journal-title":"Schweiz. 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