{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:52:55Z","timestamp":1788475975077,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Western Sydney University, Australia, through the PhD Research Training Program Scholarship"},{"name":"Research Support Program Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, propionate, and butyrate are microbial metabolites with recognised roles in gut and immune homeostasis, but their therapeutic relevance in gastric cancer, particularly in combination with chemotherapeutics, remains unclear. This study investigated the antiproliferative synergy between a combined SCFA mixture (APB) and doxorubicin (Dox) in AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cells using integrated cellular, molecular, and proteomic approaches. APB and Dox each inhibited cell proliferation, with IC50 values of 568.33 \u00b1 82.56 \u03bcg\/mL and 0.22 \u00b1 0.04 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively, and their combination (3000 + 0.27 \u03bcg\/mL) enhanced cytotoxicity, achieving 103.46% inhibition and reducing the APB IC50 to 512.80 \u00b1 18.37 \u03bcg\/mL. Combination index values confirmed synergistic interactions (CI50 = 0.61; CI95 = 0.13). APB+Dox significantly increased apoptosis (94.83%) with minimal necrosis (4.64%) and induced strong ROS generation comparable to APB alone, while Dox showed limited oxidative effects. Proteomic profiling revealed downregulation of ribosomal proteins and cell cycle regulators in Dox and APB+Dox groups, with the combination further enhancing apoptosis-related pathways and stress responses. Overall, these findings indicate that SCFA-based interventions, exemplified by APB+Dox, may offer a low-toxicity strategy to potentiate chemotherapy efficacy in gastric cancer through apoptosis induction, redox disruption, and attenuation of drug resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T15:30:32Z","timestamp":1767195032000},"page":"362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Postbiotics Combination Synergises the Antiproliferative Effects of Doxorubicin in Gastric Cancer Cells: A Cellular and Molecular Deep Dive"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9788-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radwa A.","family":"Eladwy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City 11829, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Fares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9337-2441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad A.","family":"Alsherbiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt"},{"name":"Freedman Foundation Metabolomics Facility, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Guang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9736-0197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deep Jyoti","family":"Bhuyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"},{"name":"School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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