{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T15:35:21Z","timestamp":1767195321760,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a cornerstone of kidney function assessment. Widely used Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations based on serum creatinine (eGFRcr), cystatin C (eGFRcysC), or both (eGFRcr-cysC) are influenced by non-glomerular filtration rate (GFR) factors, and their performance may vary across clinical contexts. We retrospectively analyzed 435 adult patients with simultaneous serum creatinine and cystatin C measurements. eGFR was calculated using CKD-EPI 2021 (creatinine), CKD-EPI 2012 (cystatin C), and CKD-EPI 2021 (combined) equations. Patients were classified into Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) GFR categories (G1\u2013G5), and discrepancies between equations were identified. 44 patients (10.1%) showed discordant GFR categorization across all three equations and underwent detailed clinical assessment. 16 of the 44 discordant cases had clinically confirmed chronic kidney disease (CKD). The combined equation aligned with the clinical diagnosis in all CKD cases. eGFRcr overestimated kidney function in 10\/16 patients, while eGFRcysC produced lower values in 8\/16, consistent with early CKD but potentially influenced by inflammation or obesity. Reclassification occurred in 9\/16 patients when switching from eGFRcr to eGFRcr-cysC, including four who shifted from G2 to G3a\u2013G4. A significant difference was observed between eGFRcr and eGFRcr-cysC (p &lt; 0.05). The combined CKD-EPI equation demonstrated the best clinical concordance, supporting its broader use when diagnostic accuracy is essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T15:30:32Z","timestamp":1767195032000},"page":"364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Creatinine-, Cystatin C-, and Combined Creatinine\u2013Cystatin C-Based Equations for Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate: A Real-World Analysis in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1839-2415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u0161ko","family":"Osredkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iza","family":"Klemen\u010di\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0358-4470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Kumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jernej","family":"Pajek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9957-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan","family":"Knap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argyropoulos, C.P., Chen, S.S., Ng, Y.H., Roumelioti, M.E., Shaffi, K., Singh, P.P., and Tzamaloukas, A.H. 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