{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:43:13Z","timestamp":1784335393783,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Minnesota (UMN) Office of Academic Clinical Affairs"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"NIH\/NCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA229618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA229618"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"NIH\/NCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA204856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA204856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UMN OACA Faculty Research Development grant"},{"name":"UMN College of Pharmacy SURRGE award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disease heterogeneity across a diverse patient cohort poses challenges to cancer drug development due to inter-patient variability in treatment responses. However, current preclinical models fail to depict inter-patient tumor heterogeneity, leading to a high failure rate when translating preclinical leads into clinical successes. We integrated the expression profiles of prostate cancer (PC) lines and castration-resistant PC (CRPC) patient tumors to identify cell-lines that transcriptomically match distinct tumor subtypes in a clinical cohort. Representative cell-lines were co-cultured to create \u201cmixed-cell\u201d models depicting inter-patient heterogeneity in CRPC, which were employed to assess drug combinations. When drug combinations previously tested in CRPC clinical cohorts were assessed to establish proof of concept, in vitro responses measured in our models concurred with their known clinical efficacy. Additionally, novel drug combinations computationally predicted to be efficacious in heterogeneous tumors were evaluated. They demonstrated preclinical efficacy in the mixed-cell models, suggesting they will likely benefit heterogeneous patient cohorts. Furthermore, we showed that the current practice of screening cell-lines\/xenografts separately and aggregating their responses, failed to detect their efficacy. We believe that the application of our models will enhance the accuracy of preclinical drug assessment, thereby improving the success rate of subsequent clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T15:30:32Z","timestamp":1767195032000},"page":"413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Novel Mixed Cancer-Cell Models Designed to Capture Inter-Patient Tumor Heterogeneity for Accurate Evaluation of Drug Combinations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Sampreeti","family":"Jena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0919-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8311-581X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2282-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9538-8700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radwa M.","family":"Elmorsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott M.","family":"Dehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9862-0368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Stephanie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-020-01874-2","article-title":"Clinical implications of intratumor heterogeneity: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"98","author":"Capdevila","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.166","article-title":"Tumour heterogeneity and resistance to cancer therapies","volume":"15","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. 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