{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:09:49Z","timestamp":1790226589617,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":246,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2572025DJ08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2572025DJ08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013254","name":"National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DC-2025085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC-2025085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiotherapy, a cornerstone of cancer treatment, is critically limited by tumor radioresistance and off-target toxicity. Lanthanide-based nanomaterials (Ln-NPs) have recently emerged as a versatile and promising class of theranostic radiosensitizers to overcome these hurdles. This review comprehensively outlines the state-of-the-art in Ln-NP-enabled radiotherapy, beginning with their fundamental physicochemical properties and synthesis and then delving into the multi-level mechanisms of radiosensitization, including high-Z element-mediated physical dose amplification, catalytic generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and disruption of DNA damage repair pathways. The unique capacity of certain Ln-NPs to serve as MRI contrast agents is highlighted as the foundation for image-guided, dose-painting radiotherapy. We critically summarize the preclinical and clinical progress of representative systems, benchmarking them against other high-Z nanomaterials. Finally, this work discusses the ongoing challenges, such as biocompatibility, targeted delivery, and regulatory hurdles, and envisages future directions, including combinatorial strategies with immunotherapy and the development of personalized nanotheranostic paradigms. Through this synthesis, this review aims to provide a clear roadmap for the continued development and clinical integration of lanthanide nanotheranostics in oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1767197280000},"page":"426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lanthanide Nanotheranostics in Radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0873-002X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaofeng","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8148-707X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yurun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taoyang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanru","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangjie","family":"Ge-Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, Y., Xu, H., Wu, X., Liu, X., and Zhao, J. (2024). Enhancing Radiotherapy Sensitivity in Prostate Cancer with Lentinan-Functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16091230"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3934\/bioeng.2023008","article-title":"A systematic review on the development of radiosensitizers, with cancer selectivity, for radiotherapy using ionizing radiation","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIMS Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, H., Huang, H., and Jiang, Z. (2023). Nanoparticle-based radiosensitization strategies for improving radiation therapy. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1145551"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cizkova, J., Dolezal, O.J., Buchta, V., Pospichal, J., Blanar, V., Sinkorova, Z., and Carrillo, A. (2024). Golden era of radiosensitizers. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1450776"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06211-2","article-title":"Radiotherapy remodels the tumor microenvironment for enhancing immunotherapeutic sensitivity","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-023-02278-5","article-title":"Improving the efficacy of combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy: Focusing on the effects of radiosensitivity","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2025.217103","article-title":"Metal-organic framework-based radiosensitizer for cancer therapy","volume":"546","author":"Xie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1002\/cjoc.202300132","article-title":"Recent Progress on High-Z Metal-Based Nanomaterials for Cancer Radiosensitization","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onano.2024.100226","article-title":"Recent advances in lanthanide-based nanoparticle contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging: Synthesis, characterization, and applications","volume":"21","author":"Rahmani","year":"2025","journal-title":"OpenNano"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2025.216770","article-title":"Design, classification, and applications of organic, luminescent lanthanide-based photoresponsive materials: A review","volume":"540","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-07862-w","article-title":"Recent advances in the development and applications of lanthanide-based luminescent materials: A comprehensive review","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70035","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.70035","article-title":"Mechanisms of Tumor Radiosensitization: A Perspective of Nano-Radiotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2020-0448","article-title":"Promoting Reactive Oxygen Species Generation: A Key Strategy in Nanosensitizer-Mediated Radiotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111602","article-title":"Advances in nanoparticle-based radiotherapy for cancer treatment","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"100833","article-title":"NANO-GBM trial of AGuIX nanoparticles with radiotherapy and temozolomide in the treatment of newly diagnosed Glioblastoma: Phase 1b outcomes and MRI-based biodistribution","volume":"48","author":"Biau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6489","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-025-02842-7","article-title":"Effect of Laser Energy on Formation of Gold@Aluminum Oxide (Core@Shell) Nanoparticles for Enhancement Spectral Responsivity","volume":"20","author":"Rasheed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2024.101824","article-title":"A comprehensive Review: The approach for fabrication of Core\/Shell Au nanocomposite and Modification, Properties, applications of Au NPs","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18061","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b01897","article-title":"Tailored Engineering of Bimetallic Plasmonic Au@Ag Core@Shell Nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Mahmud","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"41","article-title":"Metal-based nanomedicines for cancer theranostics","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400954","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202400954","article-title":"Enhancing X-Ray Sensitization with Multifunctional Nanoparticles","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silina, E.V., Manturova, N.E., Chuvilina, E.L., Gasanov, A.A., Andreeva, O.I., Pugachevskii, M.A., Kochura, A.V., Kryukov, A.A., Suzdaltseva, Y.G., and Stupin, V.A. (2024). Biomedical Application Prospects of Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles for Regenerative Medicine. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202411.1441.v1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-024-07018-9","article-title":"Preclinical comparison of (radio)lanthanides using mass spectrometry and nuclear imaging techniques: Biodistribution of lanthanide-based tumor-targeting agents and lanthanides in ionic form","volume":"52","author":"Wallimann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.106561","article-title":"Lanthanides and their complexes\/nanoparticles: A review of cancer diagnosis, therapeutics, toxicity considerations, and clinical trials","volume":"105","author":"Madanhire","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndlwana, L., Raleie, N., Dimpe, K.M., Ogutu, H.F., Oseghe, E.O., Motsa, M.M., Msagati, T.A.M., and Mamba, B.B. (2021). Sustainable Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis of Advanced Carbon Materials in Multidimensional Applications: A Review. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202104.0272.v1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2023.111423","article-title":"Exploring the biomedical potential of iron vanadate Nanoparticles: A comprehensive review","volume":"157","author":"Valizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.0c04565","article-title":"Scalable Synthesis of Ultrasmall Metal Oxide Radio-Enhancers Outperforming Gold","volume":"33","author":"Gerken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Q., Tian, X., Ren, L., Su, Y., and Su, Q. (2024). Understanding of Lanthanide-Doped Core\u2013Shell Structure at the Nanoscale Level. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14121063"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2024.102087","article-title":"A review of design criteria for cancer-targeted, nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agents","volume":"37","author":"Rahmati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, M.Y., Yue, H., Tegafaw, T., Liu, S., Ho, S.L., Lee, G.H., Nam, S.W., and Chang, Y. (2021). Functionalized Lanthanide Oxide Nanoparticles for Tumor Targeting, Medical Imaging, and Therapy. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13111890"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1021\/accountsmr.2c00233","article-title":"Lanthanide-Doped Inorganic Nanoprobes for Luminescent Assays of Biomarkers","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acc. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00275","article-title":"How the Ligand Field in Lanthanide Coordination Complexes Determines Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy, Paramagnetic NMR Shift, and Relaxation Behavior","volume":"53","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Qiu, C.-J., Cao, J.-J., Duosiken, D., Zhang, Y., Pei, B.-G., Tao, K., and Pan, S.-J. (2025). Radiosensitization of Rare-Earth Nanoparticles Based on the Consistency Between Its K-Edge and the X-Ray Bremsstrahlung Peak. J. Funct. Biomater., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16020041"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Shen, H., and Mi, Z. (2024). Enhancing Proton Therapy Efficacy Through Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221841"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamyatina, E.A., Goryacheva, O.A., Popov, A.L., and Popova, N.R. (2024). Novel Pyrroloquinoline Quinone-Modified Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Selective Cytotoxicity Under X-Ray Irradiation. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121445"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01320-5","article-title":"Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles for cancer treatment using versatile targeted strategies","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-023-03939-w","article-title":"ROS-generating nanoplatforms as selective and tunable therapeutic weapons against cancer","volume":"18","author":"Foglietta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aubrun, C., Doussineau, T., Carm\u00e8s, L., Meyzaud, A., Boux, F., Dufort, S., Delfour, A., De Beaumont, O., Mirjolet, C., and Le Duc, G. (2025). Mechanisms of Action of AGuIX as a Pan-Cancer Nano-Radiosensitizer: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18040519"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00965","article-title":"Enhanced In Vivo Radiotherapy of Breast Cancer Using Gadolinium Oxide and Gold Hybrid Nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Nosrati","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MH00265A","article-title":"Prospects of nanoparticle-based radioenhancement for radiotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Gerken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25048","article-title":"Mechanisms and Consequences of Double-Strand DNA Break Formation in Chromatin","volume":"231","author":"Cannan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.07.009","article-title":"Repair Pathway Choices and Consequences at the Double-Strand Break","volume":"26","author":"Ceccaldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Yang, J., and Sun, X. (2021). Reactive Oxygen Species-Based Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy. Front. Chem., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.650587"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03411-0","article-title":"Lanthanide-specific doping in vacancy-engineered piezocatalysts induces lysosomal destruction and tumor cell pyroptosis","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7697","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c00747","article-title":"Lanthanide Inorganic Nanoparticles Enhance Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles Afterglow Luminescence for In Vivo Afterglow\/Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"96","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113887","article-title":"Lanthanide nanocrystals-based direct triple-state energy converters for mitophagy and ferroptosis-induced antitumor immunoreaction","volume":"384","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"3","article-title":"Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ROS generation and uncoupling (Review)","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9407","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S272902","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles as Radiosensitizers in Cancer Radiotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S290438","article-title":"Application of Radiosensitizers in Cancer Radiotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2022.08.006","article-title":"An overview of the intracellular localization of high-Z nanoradiosensitizers","volume":"175","author":"Varzandeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311548","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202311548","article-title":"Peptide-Functionalized Inorganic Oxide Nanomaterials for Solid Cancer Imaging and Therapy","volume":"36","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2022.214795","article-title":"Lanthanide-based hybrid nanostructures: Classification, synthesis, optical properties, and multifunctional applications","volume":"472","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54950-3","article-title":"Regulation of lanthanide supramolecular nanoreactors via a bimetallic cluster cutting strategy to boost aza-Darzens reactions","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-025-01564-7","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed changes in the tumor microenvironment induced by radiotherapy for cervical cancer and the molecular mechanism of mast cells in immunosuppression","volume":"25","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01264-9","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals radiochemotherapy-induced innate immune activation and MHC-II upregulation in cervical cancer","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmb.100","article-title":"Generating Single Cell-Derived Knockout Clones in Mammalian Cells with CRISPR\/Cas9","volume":"128","author":"Giuliano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostylev, M., Otwell, A.E., Richardson, R.E., and Suzuki, Y. (2015). Cloning Should Be Simple: Escherichia coli DH5\u03b1-Mediated Assembly of Multiple DNA Fragments with Short End Homologies. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137466"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Saint-Hubert, M., Verbeek, N., B\u00e4umer, C., Esser, J., Wulff, J., Nabha, R., Van Hoey, O., Dabin, J., Stuckmann, F., and Vasi, F. (2022). Validation of a Monte Carlo Framework for Out-of-Field Dose Calculations in Proton Therapy. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.882489"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"13","article-title":"A Monte Carlo Study on Dose Enhancement by Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Distributions of Gold Nanoparticles in Radiotherapy with Low Energy X-rays","volume":"8","author":"Zabihzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Phys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2024.215773","article-title":"Lanthanide-based nanoparticles for cancer phototherapy","volume":"508","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01850-1","article-title":"Alleviating the hypoxic tumor microenvironment with MnO2-coated CeO2 nanoplatform for magnetic resonance imaging guided radiotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Pi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-04694-y","article-title":"Nanoceria: An innovative strategy for cancer treatment","volume":"80","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debnath, S.K., Debnath, M., Ghosh, A., Srivastava, R., and Omri, A. (2024). Targeting Tumor Hypoxia with Nanoparticle-Based Therapies: Challenges, Opportunities, and Clinical Implications. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17101389"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.04.032","article-title":"Second-Generation Gadolinium-Bismuth Ultrasmall Nanoparticles Amplify the Effects of Clinical Radiation Therapy and Provide Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast","volume":"123","author":"Morris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645-015-0012-3","article-title":"AGuIX nanoparticles as a promising platform for image-guided radiation therapy","volume":"6","author":"Detappe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, P., Fu, Z., Liu, G., Tan, H., Xiao, J., Shi, H., and Cheng, D. (2019). Gadolinium-Based Nanoparticles for Theranostic MRI-Guided Radiosensitization in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00368"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645-020-00065-5","article-title":"Enhanced MRI-guided radiotherapy with gadolinium-based nanoparticles: Preclinical evaluation with an MRI-linac","volume":"11","author":"Byrne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2024.05.011","article-title":"Dose-Painting Proton Radiotherapy Guided by Functional MRI in Non-enhancing High-Grade Gliomas","volume":"36","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-023-10523-4","article-title":"Recent Research Progress of RGD Peptide\u2013Modified Nanodrug Delivery Systems in Tumor Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, S.L., Yue, H., Lee, S., Tegafaw, T., Ahmad, M.Y., Liu, S., Saidi, A., Zhao, D., Liu, Y., and Nam, S.W. (2022). Mono and Multiple Tumor-Targeting Ligand-Coated Ultrasmall Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles: Enhanced Tumor Imaging and Blood Circulation. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071458"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Chitgupi, U. (2019). Active Targeting for Cancer Phototherapy. [Ph.D. Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo]."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsaab, H.O., Sau, S., Alzhrani, R., Tatiparti, K., Bhise, K., Kashaw, S.K., and Iyer, A.K. (2017). PD-1 and PD-L1 Checkpoint Signaling Inhibition for Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanism, Combinations, and Clinical Outcome. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00561"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06389-5","article-title":"Mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors: Insights into the regulation of circular RNAS involved in cancer hallmarks","volume":"15","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7713","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S428044","article-title":"Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles Reinforce the Fractionated Radiotherapy-Induced Immune Response in Tri-Negative Breast Cancer via cGAS-STING Pathway","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02152-2","article-title":"Radiotherapy combined with nano-biomaterials for cancer radio-immunotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H., He, N., Xu, C., Wang, Y., Du, L., Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Ji, K., Wang, J., and Zhang, M. (Res. Sq., 2021). Gadolinium-Based Nanoparticles Combined with Checkpoint Blockade Amplify Radiation-Induced Abscopal Effect and Cancer Immunotherapy, Res. Sq., preprint.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1165183\/v1"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-020-00684-5","article-title":"Radiosensitizing high-Z metal nanoparticles for enhanced radiotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01654-9","article-title":"AGuIX nanoparticles enhance ionizing radiation-induced ferroptosis on tumor cells by targeting the NRF2-GPX4 signaling pathway","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"20180365","article-title":"AGuIX(\u00ae) from bench to bedside-Transfer of an ultrasmall theranostic gadolinium-based nanoparticle to clinical medicine","volume":"92","author":"Lux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thivat, E., Casile, M., Moreau, J., Molnar, I., Dufort, S., Seddik, K., Le Duc, G., De Beaumont, O., Loeffler, M., and Durando, X. (2023). Phase I\/II study testing the combination of AGuIX nanoparticles with radiochemotherapy and concomitant temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (NANO-GBM trial protocol). BMC Cancer, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-10829-y"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2021.1934748","article-title":"Monte Carlo-based calculation of nano-scale dose enhancement factor and relative biological effectiveness in using different nanoparticles as a radiosensitizer","volume":"97","author":"Robatjazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y. (2025). Radiobiological perspective on metrics for quantifying dose enhancement effects of High-Z nanoparticles. Front. Nanotechnol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2025.1603334"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MA00094F","article-title":"Research progress on nano-sensitizers for enhancing the effects of radiotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.11642","article-title":"Nanoparticles for Radiation Therapy Enhancement: The Key Parameters","volume":"5","author":"Retif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"212","article-title":"Main Approaches to Enhance Radiosensitization in Cancer Cells by Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Malekzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b00552","article-title":"Long-term in vivo clearance of gadolinium-based AGuIX nanoparticles and their biocompatibility after systemic injection","volume":"9","author":"Sancey","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, N., Cecchi, D., Beckham, W., and Chithrani, D.B. (2024). Application of high-Z nanoparticles to enhance current radiotherapy treatment. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29112438"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-014-0386-6","article-title":"Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Human Skin Melanoma Cells","volume":"71","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100823","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis methods and applications in wound healing","volume":"23","author":"Nosrati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5322","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-5223-4","article-title":"Engineering CeO2\/CuO heterostructure anchored on upconversion nanoparticles with boosting ROS generation-primed apoptosis-ferroptosis for cancer dynamic therapy","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuffaha, M.S.A., Guski, H., and Kristiansen, G. (2023). Recommendations for the Utility of Immunohistochemical Results in Tumor Diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry in Tumor Diagnostics, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-45024-2_34"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2025.102351","article-title":"Mechanisms of radioresistance and radiosensitization strategies for Triple Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32956","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA02005J","article-title":"Advances with metal oxide-based nanoparticles as MDR metastatic breast cancer therapeutics and diagnostics","volume":"12","author":"Subhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4711","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.85663","article-title":"Tuning ultrasmall theranostic nanoparticles for MRI contrast and radiation dose amplification","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e023591","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023591","article-title":"Treatment of multiple brain metastases using gadolinium nanoparticles and radiotherapy: NANO-RAD, a phase I study protocol","volume":"9","author":"Verry","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.04.021","article-title":"Theranostic AGuIX nanoparticles as radiosensitizer: A phase I, dose-escalation study in patients with multiple brain metastases (NANO-RAD trial)","volume":"160","author":"Verry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105599","article-title":"Nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and treatment: Progress, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"95","author":"Rashidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2023.102676","article-title":"Clinical transfer of AGuIX\u00ae-based radiation treatments for locally advanced cervical cancer: MR quantification and in vitro insights in the NANOCOL clinical trial framework","volume":"50","author":"Maury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Gayatri, S., Jaidip, M.J., Abdul, K.P., and Christopher, H.P. (2019). Ionizing radiation stimulated breast cancer nanomedicine. External Field and Radiation Stimulated Breast Cancer Nanotheranostics, IOP Publishing."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e557","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30579-0","article-title":"High Z nanoparticles and radiotherapy: A critical view","volume":"20","author":"Vilotte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferro-Flores, G., Ancira-Cortez, A., Ocampo-Garc\u00eda, B., and Mel\u00e9ndez-Alafort, L. (2024). Molecularly Targeted Lanthanide Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostic Applications. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14030296"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.2c00681","article-title":"Surface Engineering of Lanthanide Nanoparticles for Oncotherapy","volume":"56","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100646","article-title":"Recent advances of lanthanide nanomaterials in Tumor NIR fluorescence detection and treatment","volume":"20","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.79625","article-title":"Nanomaterial-based CT contrast agents and their applications in image-guided therapy","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150364","article-title":"MnO2 nanozyme with lanthanide-based radiosensitization for advanced radiotherapy by tumor microenvironment triggering STING pathway activation","volume":"486","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.31661\/jbpe.v9i2Apr.827","article-title":"Dosimetry and Radioenhancement Comparison of Gold Nanoparticles in Kilovoltage and Megavoltage Radiotherapy using MAGAT Polymer Gel Dosimeter","volume":"9","author":"Farahani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Phys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"31","article-title":"Gel dosimetry: The effect of gold nano particles on the dose enhancement in the external radiation therapy","volume":"1","author":"Khosravi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanomed. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard, D., Sebastian, S., Le, Q.V., Thierry, B., and Kempson, I. (2020). Chemical Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Radiosensitization and Radioprotection: A Review of Structure-Function Relationships Influencing Reactive Oxygen Species. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020579"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sant\u2019Angelo, D., Descamps, G., Lecomte, V., Stanicki, D., Penninckx, S., Dragan, T., Van Gestel, D., Laurent, S., and Journe, F. (2025). Therapeutic Approaches with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to Induce Ferroptosis and Overcome Radioresistance in Cancers. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030325"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parodi, A., Kolesova, E.P., Voronina, M.V., Frolova, A.S., Kostyushev, D., Trushina, D.B., Akasov, R., Pallaeva, T., and Zamyatnin, A.A. (2022). Anticancer Nanotherapeutics in Clinical Trials: The Work behind Clinical Translation of Nanomedicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113368"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2020.e00548","article-title":"Review of clinical applications of radiation-enhancing nanoparticles","volume":"28","author":"Scher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep. (Amst.)"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3390\/jnt4020007","article-title":"Consolidation of Gold and Gadolinium Nanoparticles: An Extra Step towards Improving Cancer Imaging and Therapy","volume":"4","author":"Kouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanotheranostics"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34367","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34367","article-title":"High sensitivity of gold nanoparticles co-doped with Gd2O3 mesoporous silica nanocomposite to nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansouri, E., Mesbahi, A., Hamishehkar, H., Montazersaheb, S., Hosseini, V., and Rajabpour, S. (2023). The effect of nanoparticle coating on biological, chemical and biophysical parameters influencing radiosensitization in nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy. BMC Chem., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-023-01099-7"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102186","article-title":"Hybrid biomaterials-based radiosensitizers: Preparations and their applications in enhancing tumor radiotherapy","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller, R., Moreau, M., Yasmin-Karim, S., Protti, A., Tillement, O., Berbeco, R., Hesser, J., and Ngwa, W. (2020). Imaging and Characterization of Sustained Gadolinium Nanoparticle Release from Next Generation Radiotherapy Biomaterial. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10112249"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.112.108043","article-title":"RGD Peptide\u2013Conjugated Multimodal NaGdF4:Yb3+\/Er3+ Nanophosphors for Upconversion Luminescence, MR, and PET Imaging of Tumor Angiogenesis","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, K., Song, Y.H., Goh, Y., and Lee, K.T. (2019). Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Single Particle Tracking of Upconverting Nanoparticles in Living Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061424"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15327","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b02760","article-title":"Single-Particle Tracking with Scattering-Based Optical Microscopy","volume":"91","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01784-0","article-title":"New opportunities for RGD-engineered metal nanoparticles in cancer","volume":"22","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11217","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c17116","article-title":"Targeted Single Particle Tracking with Upconverting Nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Dukhno","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6640","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.5c00199","article-title":"LnDOTA Releasing Probes for Luminescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"64","author":"Foster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201402034","article-title":"Redox- and Hypoxia-Responsive MRI Contrast Agents","volume":"9","author":"Do","year":"2014","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-02000-x","article-title":"Interfering with Tumor Hypoxia for Radiotherapy Optimization","volume":"40","author":"Telarovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-3336","article-title":"Quantitative imaging in cancer clinical trials","volume":"22","author":"Yankeelov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryant, J.M., Weygand, J., Keit, E., Cruz-Chamorro, R., Sandoval, M.L., Oraiqat, I.M., Andreozzi, J., Redler, G., Latifi, K., and Feygelman, V. (2023). Stereotactic Magnetic Resonance-Guided Adaptive and Non-Adaptive Radiotherapy on Combination MR-Linear Accelerators: Current Practice and Future Directions. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15072081"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wang, J., Sun, Y., Li, K., Shang, T., and Wan, Y. (2022). Recent advances and perspectives of CeO2-based catalysts: Electronic properties and applications for energy storage and conversion. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.1089708"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49281-2","article-title":"Lanthanide-regulating Ru-O covalency optimizes acidic oxygen evolution electrocatalysis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18052","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b10361","article-title":"Quantitative Evidence for Lanthanide-Oxygen Orbital Mixing in CeO2, PrO2, and TbO2","volume":"139","author":"Minasian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2012.10.010","article-title":"Sensitization of pancreatic cancer cells to radiation by cerium oxide nanoparticle-induced ROS production","volume":"9","author":"Wason","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1080\/14796694.2025.2496131","article-title":"Nanoray-312: Phase III study of NBTXR3 + radiotherapy \u00b1 cetuximab in elderly, platinum-ineligible locally advanced HNSCC","volume":"21","author":"Nuyts","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2018.6","article-title":"Using immunotherapy to boost the abscopal effect","volume":"18","author":"Ngwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H.-N., Jin, H., Kim, J.-H., Ha, I.-B., Kang, K.-M., Choi, H.-S., Jeong, H.-J., Kim, M.-Y., Kim, H.-J., and Jeong, B.-K. (2021). Abscopal Effect of Radiotherapy Enhanced with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors of Triple Negative Breast Cancer in 4T1 Mammary Carcinoma Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910476"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.0c00520","article-title":"Enhancing Combined Immunotherapy and Radiotherapy through Nanomedicine","volume":"31","author":"Hagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.37543","article-title":"EPR-mediated tumor targeting using ultrasmall-hybrid nanoparticles: From animal to human with theranostic AGuIX nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Bort","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Zhang, J., Bian, X., Zhang, P., Wu, W., and Zuo, X. (2024). Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Based T(1) Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Review. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15010033"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caspani, S., Magalh\u00e3es, R., Ara\u00fajo, J.P., and Sousa, C.T. (2020). Magnetic Nanomaterials as Contrast Agents for MRI. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13112586"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2025.115277","article-title":"Synthesis of lanthanum oxide supported transition metal-based catalysts for clean hydrogen production: The role of reducibility","volume":"453","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02095-6","article-title":"Redox regulation: Mechanisms, biology and therapeutic targets in diseases","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tretter, V., Hochreiter, B., Zach, M.L., Krenn, K., and Klein, K.U. (2021). Understanding cellular redox homeostasis: A challenge for precision medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010106"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03542-4","article-title":"Targeted-theranostic nanoparticles induce anti-tumor immune response in lung cancer","volume":"23","author":"Muradova","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-04124-x","article-title":"Gadolinium toxicity: Mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and nanoparticle role","volume":"99","author":"Domingo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Xiong, G., and Liu, Z. (2022). Toxicity of metal-based nanoparticles: Challenges in the nano era. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1001572"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-023-05690-w","article-title":"Structural parameters of nanoparticles affecting their toxicity for biomedical applications: A review","volume":"25","author":"Abbasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6960","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR03706E","article-title":"Understanding the interplay between pH and charges for theranostic nanomaterials","volume":"17","author":"Ow","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05654-1","article-title":"Influence of bismuth selenide nanoparticles on cell mitochondrial activity: Implications for cancer therapy","volume":"15","author":"Akhtar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217454","article-title":"Interrogation of the tumor microenvironment by nanoparticles","volume":"612","author":"Panja","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"e82090","article-title":"Tumor Microenvironment: A Complex Landscape of Cancer Development and Drug Resistance","volume":"17","author":"Fatima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-024-03697-w","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment as a complex milieu driving cancer progression: A mini review","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.09.012","article-title":"PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery","volume":"99","author":"Suk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00871-z","article-title":"Nanocomposites based on lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles: Diverse designs and applications","volume":"11","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-022-01252-0","article-title":"Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: A novel multifunctional biomimetic drug delivery system","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00656-1","article-title":"Developments in nanotechnology approaches for the treatment of solid tumors","volume":"14","author":"Venturini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bor\u00f3wko, M., and Staszewski, T. (2024). Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Different Nanoparticles at Substrates. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084550"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.12.019","article-title":"Focused Ultrasound-Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Opening Increases Delivery and Efficacy of Etoposide for Glioblastoma Treatment","volume":"110","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2025). The benefits and risks of PEGylation in nanomedicine. Nat. Nanotechnol., 20, 575.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-025-01951-y"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01016-x","article-title":"Peptides as multifunctional players in cancer therapy","volume":"55","author":"Vadevoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48838-5","article-title":"Rediscovery of mononuclear phagocyte system blockade for nanoparticle drug delivery","volume":"15","author":"Zelepukin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2023.08.004","article-title":"Overwhelming targeting options: Selecting audience segments for online advertising","volume":"41","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Mark."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vagena, I.-A., Malapani, C., Gatou, M.-A., Lagopati, N., and Pavlatou, E.A. (2025). Enhancement of EPR Effect for Passive Tumor Targeting: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15063189"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.103048","article-title":"A mathematical model for understanding nanoparticle biodistribution after intratumoral injection in cancer tumors","volume":"68","author":"Mahesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surur, F.M., Mamo, A.A., Gebresilassie, B.G., Mekonen, K.A., Golda, A., Behera, R.K., and Kumar, K. (Data Sci. Manag., 2025). Unlocking the power of machine learning in big data: A scoping survey, Data Sci. Manag., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsm.2025.02.004"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65691-0","article-title":"Enhancing deep neural network training efficiency and performance through linear prediction","volume":"14","author":"Ying","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2761740","article-title":"Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks: A Tutorial and Survey","volume":"105","author":"Sze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00854-z","article-title":"Facile fabrication of multi-pocket nanoparticles with stepwise size transition for promoting deep penetration and tumor targeting","volume":"19","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.device.2025.100711","article-title":"Atomically precise synthesis of oxides with hybrid molecular beam epitaxy","volume":"3","author":"Choudhary","year":"2025","journal-title":"Device"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-024-00645-8","article-title":"Molecular complexity as a driving force for the advancement of organic synthesis","volume":"8","author":"Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-021-02502-2","article-title":"Microfluidic chips: Recent advances, critical strategies in design, applications and future perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Pattanayak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microfluid Nanofluidics"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsaiari, N.S., Alzahrani, F.M., Amari, A., Osman, H., Harharah, H.N., Elboughdiri, N., and Tahoon, M.A. (2023). Plant and Microbial Approaches as Green Methods for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010463"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-025-00295-4","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on the Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Advancements in Biomedical and Environmental Applications","volume":"4","author":"Kirubakaran","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.09.291","article-title":"A comprehensive review on various techniques used for synthesizing nanoparticles","volume":"27","author":"Kumari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aichem.2024.100057","article-title":"Automated Intelligent Platforms for High-Throughput Chemical Synthesis","volume":"2","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Chem."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, C., Dong, X., Zhang, W., Huang, X., Gong, L., and Su, C. (2025). Intelligent Systems for Inorganic Nanomaterial Synthesis. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15080631"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45444-3","article-title":"An integrated self-optimizing programmable chemical synthesis and reaction engine","volume":"15","author":"Leonov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtphys.2024.101628","article-title":"Transforming high-resolution imaging: A comprehensive review of advances in metasurfaces and metalenses","volume":"50","author":"Kazanskiy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Phys."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.1007\/s12598-024-02811-9","article-title":"Recent advances in imaging devices: Image sensors and neuromorphic vision sensors","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rare Met."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2024.108536","article-title":"Optical super-resolution imaging: A review and perspective","volume":"183","author":"Aflalo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-022-2120-8","article-title":"Cryo-EM for nanomaterials: Progress and perspective","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. China Mater."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.2c00528","article-title":"Ligand-Based Surface Engineering of Lanthanide Nanoparticles for Bioapplications","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-025-01751-4","article-title":"Modeling cryo-EM structures in alternative states with AlphaFold2-based models and density-guided simulations","volume":"8","author":"Shugaeva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2022.111048","article-title":"Luminescent lanthanide oxides nanoparticles with a surface agent acting as a sensitiser","volume":"172","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Z., Zhao, Y., Lian, Y., Li, Y., Lou, B., Ma, C.-G., Xu, B., Dong, J., and Bai, G. (2025). Multifunctional lanthanide-doped nanoparticles enabled fiber probe with decoupled modules for tumor therapy and real-time temperature sensing. Sci. China Mater., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-025-3536-5"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41524-025-01767-3","article-title":"A versatile multimodal learning framework bridging multiscale knowledge for material design","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Comput. Mater."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ostima.2024.100203","article-title":"An integrated, multimodal imaging approach to assess functional joint pathomechanics, pathophysiology and structural changes in early-stage knee osteoarthritis","volume":"4","author":"Dur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2022.100922","article-title":"Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles for biological super-resolution fluorescence imaging","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.4c00615","article-title":"Luminescent Lanthanides in Biorelated Applications: From Molecules to Nanoparticles and Diagnostic Probes to Therapeutics","volume":"125","author":"Alexander","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64409-8","article-title":"Multicolor cathodoluminescence imaging of single lanthanide nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Conway","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2022.05.022","article-title":"Catalytic radiosensitization: Insights from materials physicochemistry","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0150-x","article-title":"DNA damage response signaling pathways and targets for radiotherapy sensitization in cancer","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, X., Sun, Z., Li, L., Zhou, L., and Yuan, S. (2023). Application of nanomedicine in radiotherapy sensitization. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1088878"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123313","article-title":"Time-resolved T1 and T2 contrast for enhanced accuracy in MRI tumor detection","volume":"321","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000001137","article-title":"Metastasis Detection Using True and Artificial T1-Weighted Postcontrast Images in Brain MRI","volume":"60","author":"Haase","year":"2025","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-025-02812-3","article-title":"Advances in platinum-based cancer therapy: Overcoming platinum resistance through rational combinatorial strategies","volume":"42","author":"Yusoh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-024-01239-x","article-title":"Radiotherapy-triggered reduction of platinum-based chemotherapeutic prodrugs in tumours","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.02.006","article-title":"Drug delivery for platinum therapeutics","volume":"380","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2023.215025","article-title":"Hybrid nanostructures based on gold nanoparticles and functional coordination polymers: Chemistry, physics and applications in biomedicine, catalysis and magnetism","volume":"480","author":"Mallah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s44296-025-00077-5","article-title":"Nanoporous gold architectures: Design, function, and emerging applications","volume":"3","author":"Nugraha","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Mater. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehdi, J., Ansari, V.A., and Singh, A. (2025). A Review of Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis Methods and Biomedical Applications. Biomed. Mater. Devices, 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-025-00421-2"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114374","article-title":"Gadolinium ion-loaded mesoporous organosilica nanoplatform for enhanced radiotherapy in breast tumor treatment","volume":"246","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11429","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NR02620A","article-title":"Gadolinium-based ultra-small nanoparticles augment radiotherapy-induced T-cell response to synergize with checkpoint blockade immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400033","DOI":"10.1002\/sstr.202400033","article-title":"Gadolinium-Manganese-Based Nanoplatform Reverses Radiotherapy Resistant Factors for Radiotherapy Sensitization and Computed Tomography\/Magnetic Resonance Dual-Modal Imaging","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small Struct."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01489-2","article-title":"Combination strategies with PD-1\/PD-L1 blockade: Current advances and future directions","volume":"21","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115724","article-title":"Strategies to synergize PD-1\/PD-L1 targeted cancer immunotherapies to enhance antitumor responses in ovarian cancer","volume":"215","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, W., Li, S., Zhang, J., Huang, J., Li, J., Jiang, Y., Xu, Z., Yi, F., Lan, Y., and Xiao, Q. (2025). The efficacy and safety of PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy as a first-line treatment for unresectable, locally advanced, HER2-negative gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front. Immunol., 2025.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1566939"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flatc.2025.100834","article-title":"Synergistic combinational photothermal therapy-based approaches for cancer treatment","volume":"50","author":"Naik","year":"2025","journal-title":"FlatChem"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kan, D., Ding, R., Yang, H., Jia, Y., Lei, K., Wang, Z., Zhang, W., Yang, C., Liu, Z., and Xie, F. (2025). Synergistic strategies in photodynamic combination therapy for cancer: Mechanisms, nanotechnology, and clinical translation. Front. Oncol., 2025.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1607259"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6427","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S388996","article-title":"Combined Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy and Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-025-01705-w","article-title":"Avenues for integrating photothermal therapy in cancer clinic","volume":"8","author":"Patnaik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60454-5","article-title":"Synthetic carbon-based lanthanide upconversion nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal therapy","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12088","DOI":"10.1002\/bmm2.12088","article-title":"Photothermal lanthanide nanomaterials: From fundamentals to theranostic applications","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMEMat"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.167900","article-title":"Highly-doped lanthanide nanomaterials for efficient photothermal conversion\u2014Selection of the most promising ions and matrices","volume":"934","author":"Misiak","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract11030072","article-title":"Multimodal Interventions to Improve the Management of Chronic Non-Malignant Pain in Primary Care Using Participatory Research","volume":"11","author":"Castellano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-024-02358-9","article-title":"MR-linac: Role of artificial intelligence and automation","volume":"201","author":"Psoroulas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Strahlenther. Onkol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.04.017","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences and Technologies in Adaptive Radiation Therapy","volume":"122","author":"Ghafarian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.712","article-title":"Optimising the MR-Linac as a standard treatment modality","volume":"70","author":"Twentyman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Radiat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60395-z","article-title":"From precision interventions to precision health","volume":"16","author":"Schork","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-022-00229-3","article-title":"Entering the era of precision medicine through multiomics approach","volume":"42","author":"Fujio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-025-01472-0","article-title":"ZNF451 collaborates with RNF8 to regulate RNF168 localization and amplify ubiquitination signaling to promote DNA damage repair and regulate radiosensitivity","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2021.503371","article-title":"Radiosensitivity of radiotherapy patients: The effect of individual DNA repair capacity","volume":"867","author":"Ocolotobiche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\/Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vu\u010dini\u0107, D., Bukovica Petrc, A.M., Anton\u010di\u0107, I., Kolak Radoj\u010di\u0107, M., Leki\u0107, M., and Cou\u00f1ago, F. (2025). Radiogenomics of Stereotactic Radiotherapy: Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Radiosensitivity, Resistance, and Immune Response. Genes, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16070732"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morelli, I., Banini, M., Greto, D., Visani, L., Garlatti, P., Loi, M., Aquilano, M., Valzano, M., Salvestrini, V., and Bertini, N. (2025). Integrating Radiomics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT)\/Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS): Predictive Tools for Tailored Cancer Care. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17172906"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0567-y","article-title":"Smart cancer nanomedicine","volume":"14","author":"Sulheim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2016.06.003","article-title":"Are nanotheranostics and nanodiagnostics-guided drug delivery stepping stones towards precision medicine?","volume":"27","author":"Blau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Li, Y., Sheng, Z., Deng, W., Yuan, H., Wang, S., and Liu, Y. (2022). Advances of Patient-Derived Organoids in Personalized Radiotherapy. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.888416"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-025-01523-w","article-title":"Patient-derived tumor organoids for cancer immunotherapy: Culture techniques and clinical application","volume":"43","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14205","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c01117","article-title":"Microfluidic Devices: A Tool for Nanoparticle Synthesis and Performance Evaluation","volume":"17","author":"Gimondi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1039\/D5LC00194C","article-title":"Advances in nanoparticle synthesis assisted by microfluidics","volume":"25","author":"Saeed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lab A Chip"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ocanto, A., Torres, L., Montijano, M., Rinc\u00f3n, D., Fern\u00e1ndez, C., Sevilla, B., Gonsalves, D., Teja, M., Guijarro, M., and Glar\u00eda, L. (2024). MR-LINAC, a New Partner in Radiation Oncology: Current Landscape. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16020270"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fred\u00e9n, E., Tilly, D., and Ahnesj\u00f6, A. (2022). Adaptive dose painting for prostate cancer. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.973067"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, H., Deng, J., Jiang, S., and Timmerman, R. (2024). Rethinking the potential role of dose painting in personalized ultra-fractionated stereotactic adaptive radiotherapy. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1357790"},{"key":"ref_230","first-page":"59","article-title":"Online Radiotherapy: The Paradigm Shift to Real-Time Adaptive Radiotherapy","volume":"122","author":"Kalinauskaite","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canrad.2025.104677","article-title":"Adaptive radiotherapy, promises and pitfalls","volume":"29","author":"Lapierre","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer\/Radioth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0227-y","article-title":"Cellular adaptation to hypoxia through hypoxia inducible factors and beyond","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2025.100764","article-title":"Defining hypoxia in cancer: A landmark evaluation of hypoxia gene expression signatures","volume":"5","author":"Hartley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Genom."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2021.09.007","article-title":"Addressing context dependence in ecology","volume":"37","author":"Catford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icac055","article-title":"An Integrative Perspective On the Mechanistic Basis of Context- Dependent Species Interactions","volume":"62","author":"Mauro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16212","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c04324","article-title":"Balancing Molecular Sensitization and Surface Passivation in Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticle-Based Organic\u2013Inorganic Nanohybrids","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.0c00894","article-title":"Lanthanide-Based Nanosensors: Refining Nanoparticle Responsiveness for Single Particle Imaging of Stimuli","volume":"8","author":"Casar","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2024.124926","article-title":"Multiple pathways for lanthanide sensitization in self-assembled aqueous complexes","volume":"323","author":"Navarro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0246-4","article-title":"Minimum information reporting in bio\u2013nano experimental literature","volume":"13","author":"Faria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay5279","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay5279","article-title":"Targeting brain metastases with ultrasmall theranostic nanoparticles, a first-in-human trial from an MRI perspective","volume":"6","author":"Verry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c18489","article-title":"Preclinical and First-in-Human Study of a Compact Radionuclide Labeled Self-Assembly Nanomedicine for Chemo-Radio-Theranostics of Cancer","volume":"19","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, J., Gregucci, F., Pennell, R.T., Nagar, H., Golden, E.B., Knisely, J.P.S., Sanfilippo, N.J., and Formenti, S.C. (2023). MRI-LINAC: A transformative technology in radiation oncology. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1117874"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2023.10.010","article-title":"Quantitative MRI on MR-Linacs: Towards Biological Image-Guided Adaptive Radiotherapy","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.07.001","article-title":"Final Safety and Health-Related Quality of LIfe Results of the Phase 2\/3 Act.In.Sarc Study with Preoperative NBTXR3 Plus Radiation Therapy Versus Radiation Therapy in Locally Advanced Soft-Tissue Sarcoma","volume":"114","author":"Bonvalot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b08142","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Nanoparticle Delivery to Tumors Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation Approach","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2024.09.005","article-title":"Current state of nanomedicine drug products: An industry perspective","volume":"113","author":"Clogston","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/1\/426\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:09:09Z","timestamp":1767197349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/1\/426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"references-count":246,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27010426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27010426","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}}}