{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T05:27:40Z","timestamp":1767331660576,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parvovirus B19 and cytomegalovirus are significant causes of congenital infections that can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The present study aimed to investigate the infection of B19V and CMV in pregnant women with fetal anemia, effusions and intrauterine growth restriction and determine the utility of routine laboratory screening in pregnancy follow-up. Thirteen women with such pathological pregnancy complications attending an antenatal clinic from April 2024 to March 2025 were tested. Three types of clinical material were examined: maternal blood, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord serum. Participants underwent molecular and serological testing for both B19V and CMV. Demographic data, obstetric histories, and pregnancy outcomes were recorded and analyzed. Our results indicate that three participants showed evidence of either current infection with CMV and seven with B19V. Pregnant women with active infections required further follow-up and fetal surveillance. A stillbirth was reported in one woman with CMV infection. For seven samples that tested positive for B19V DNA, viral sequences were obtained and clustered with genotype 1a reference strains. The findings of this study highlight the significant contribution of B19V and CMV infections during pregnancy, particularly in cases complicated by fetal anemia, effusions, and intrauterine growth restriction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1767197280000},"page":"427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Congenital Viral Infection Risk: The Role of Parvovirus B19 and Cytomegalovirus Molecular Genetic Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6941-0989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefka","family":"Krumova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory \u201cMeasles, Mumps, Rubella\u201d, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Center of Competence \u201cImmunoPathogen\u201d, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4543-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivelina","family":"Trifonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory \u201cNRL of Influenza and Acute Respiratory Diseases\u201d, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9048-4288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariela","family":"Hristova-Savova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory \u201cHerpes and Oncogenic Viruses\u201d, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Medical Complex \u201cDr. Shterev\u201d, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lora","family":"Veleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory \u201cMeasles, Mumps, Rubella\u201d, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Radostina","family":"Stefanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory \u201cMeasles, Mumps, Rubella\u201d, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3820-3658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petia","family":"Genova-Kalou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory \u201cCell Cultures and Rickettsia\u201d, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8041-2181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petya","family":"Chaveeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Complex \u201cDr. Shterev\u201d, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasil","family":"Kalev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Complex \u201cDr. Shterev\u201d, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Tilkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Complex \u201cDr. Shterev\u201d, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsvetoslav","family":"Vassilev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Complex \u201cDr. Shterev\u201d, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivanka","family":"Dimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Complex \u201cDr. Shterev\u201d, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madrid, L., Varo, R., Maculuve, S., Nhampossa, T., Mu\u00f1oz-Almagro, C., Calder\u00f3n, E.J., Esteva, C., Carrilho, C., Ismail, M., and Vieites, B. 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