{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:29:04Z","timestamp":1767677344894,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["075-15-2024-638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2024-638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since there is currently no cure for Parkinson\u2019s disease, pharmacobiotic approaches based on gut microbiota\u2014capable of producing pharmacologically active compounds\u2014are under development. In this study, we propose LfU21, derived from the strain Limosilactobacillus fermentum U-21, as a candidate pharmacobiotic. To evaluate its efficacy, a combined LPS- and lactacystin (LAC)-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease model was established in Wistar rats. Effects were assessed using behavioral, biochemical, immunomodulatory, and transcriptomic biomarkers. LfU21 administration reduced \u03b1-synuclein levels, altered motor performance in the \u201cRung ladder\u201d test, and modulated bdnf gene expression in the right and left striata. Under LPS exposure, LfU21 prevented alterations in immune response markers, GSH levels, drd2 and bdnf gene expression, and intestinal goblet cell counts. In LAC and LAC + LPS groups, LfU21 mitigated the rise in \u03b1-synuclein, the decline in bdnf expression, and behavioral deficits in the \u201cOpen Field\u201d and \u201cRung ladder\u201d tests, respectively. The multifunctional activity of LfU21 in a combined Parkinson\u2019s disease model underscores its therapeutic potential and helps identify a target patient cohort for future clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1767197280000},"page":"446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modulation of Behavioral, Biochemical, Immunomodulatory, and Transcriptional Profiles by the Strain Limosilactobacillus fermentum U-21 in Combined Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3725-8101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana A.","family":"Reznikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 20 Kulakova Str., 123592 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2015-0025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga B.","family":"Bekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alla V.","family":"Stavrovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry N.","family":"Voronkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei A.","family":"Gerasimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasiia K.","family":"Pavlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan A.","family":"Potapov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5947-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail V.","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronika S.","family":"Letvinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9821-9865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya V.","family":"Odorskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5852-7732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilara A.","family":"Mavletova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6499-3908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksey A.","family":"Vatlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2704-6282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey N.","family":"Illarioshkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5780-0621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valery N.","family":"Danilenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00030-2","article-title":"Challenges in the Diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Tolosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J. 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