{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:04:33Z","timestamp":1792523073851,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25-75-10017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-75-10017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) disrupts hippocampal network function through coordinated alterations in glial reactivity, synaptic integrity, and adult neurogenesis. Effective therapeutic approaches targeting these interconnected processes remain limited. Lipid-derived molecules capable of modulating these mTBI-induced disturbances are emerging as promising neuroprotective candidates. Here, we investigated the effects of N-stearidonylethanolamine (SDEA), an \u03c9-3 ethanolamide, in a mouse model of mTBI. SDEA treatment attenuated astrocytic reactivity, restored Arc expression, and improved dendritic spine density and morphology in the CA1 hippocampal area. In the dentate gyrus, mTBI reduced Ki-67-indexed proliferation while leaving DCX-positive immature neurons unchanged, and SDEA partially rescued proliferative activity. These effects were accompanied by improvements in anxiety-like behavior and working-memory performance. Together, these findings demonstrate that SDEA modulates several key components of the glia-synapse-neurogenesis axis and supports functional recovery of hippocampal circuits following mTBI. These results suggest that \u03c9-3 ethanolamides may represent promising candidates for multi-target therapeutic strategies in mTBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T12:23:44Z","timestamp":1767356624000},"page":"471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["N-Stearidonoylethanolamine Restores CA1 Synaptic Integrity and Reduces Astrocytic Reactivity After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Egoraeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Manzhulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0059-1061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darya","family":"Ivashkevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tyrtyshnaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0062","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic effects of traumatic brain injury","volume":"38","author":"Pugh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner, A.J., Tonks, J., Potter, S., Yates, P.J., Reuben, A., Ryland, H., and Williams, H. (2019). Neuropsychological assessment of mTBI in adults. Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinician\u2019s Guide to Diagnosis, Management, and Rehabilitation, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22436-3_3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2399","article-title":"Repeated mild traumatic brain injury: Mechanisms of cerebral vulnerability","volume":"30","author":"Prins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2022.02.002","article-title":"Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury induces persistent alterations in spontaneous synaptic activity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons","volume":"12","author":"Langlois","year":"2022","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.034","article-title":"Reactive gliosis and the multicellular response to CNS damage and disease","volume":"81","author":"Burda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3169","article-title":"Activation of NF-\u03baB mediates astrocyte swelling and brain edema in traumatic brain injury","volume":"31","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michinaga, S., and Koyama, Y. (2021). Pathophysiological responses and roles of astrocytes in traumatic brain injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126418"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mira, R.G., Lira, M., and Cerpa, W. (2021). Traumatic brain injury: Mechanisms of glial response. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.740939"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00488","article-title":"Inflammatory molecules released by mechanically injured astrocytes trigger presynaptic loss in cortical neuronal networks","volume":"12","author":"Lantoine","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14223","article-title":"Megf10-related engulfment of excitatory postsynapses by astrocytes following severe brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Chai, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., and Chen, X. (2025). Astrocyte-mediated inflammatory responses in traumatic brain injury: Mechanisms and potential interventions. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1584577"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.05.014","article-title":"Astrocyte secretes IL-6 to modulate PSD-95 palmitoylation in basolateral amygdala and depression-like behaviors induced by peripheral nerve injury","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-012-9342-7","article-title":"Synapse loss induced by interleukin-1\u03b2 requires pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngwenya, L.B., and Danzer, S.C. (2019). Impact of traumatic brain injury on neurogenesis. Front. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.01014"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2012.08.002","article-title":"Synaptamide, endocannabinoid-like derivative of docosahexaenoic acid with cannabinoid-independent function","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellitteri, R., La Cognata, V., Russo, C., Patti, A., and Sanfilippo, C. (2024). Protective role of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic and their N-ethanolamide derivatives in olfactory glial cells affected by lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29204821"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03119-5","article-title":"The dietary ligands, omega-3 fatty acid endocannabinoids and short-chain fatty acids prevent cytokine-induced reduction of human hippocampal neurogenesis and alter the expression of genes involved in neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity","volume":"30","author":"Mandal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2018.03.004","article-title":"N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine: A neurotrophic and neuroprotective metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1621-2","article-title":"GPR110 (ADGRF1) mediates anti-inflammatory effects of N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2011.07.002","article-title":"A synaptogenic amide N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide promotes hippocampal development","volume":"96","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.155259","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of (n-3) fatty acids","volume":"142","author":"Calder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.44","article-title":"The use of the elevated plus maze as an assay of anxiety-related behavior in rodents","volume":"2","author":"Walf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3162","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3162","article-title":"Assessing spatial working memory using the spontaneous alternation Y-maze test in aged male mice","volume":"9","author":"Prieur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bio-Protocol"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"55718","article-title":"Novel object recognition test for the investigation of learning and memory in mice","volume":"126","author":"Lueptow","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp. JoVE"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18046-y","article-title":"Steps towards standardized quantification of adult neurogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebara, E., Sultan, S., Kocher-Braissant, J., and Toni, N. (2013). Adult hippocampal neurogenesis inversely correlates with microglia in conditions of voluntary running and aging. Front. Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00145"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11760","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3864-08.2008","article-title":"The immediate early gene arc\/arg3.1: Regulation, mechanisms, and function","volume":"28","author":"Bramham","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12561","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12561","article-title":"Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc\/Arg3.1) regulates anxiety- and novelty-related behaviors","volume":"18","author":"Penrod","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runge, K., Cardoso, C., and de Chevigny, A. (2020). Dendritic spine plasticity: Function and mechanisms. Front. Synaptic Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2020.00036"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2007.04.009","article-title":"Do thin spines learn to be mushroom spines that remember?","volume":"17","author":"Bourne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sacco, M.A., Gualtieri, S., Tarallo, A.P., Verrina, M.C., Calafiore, J., Princi, A., Lombardo, S., Ranno, F., Di Cello, A., and Gratteri, S. (2024). The Role of GFAP in Post-Mortem Analysis of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010185"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janigro, D., Mondello, S., Posti, J.P., and Unden, J. (2022). GFAP and S100B: What you always wanted to know and never dared to ask. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.835597"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.06.036","article-title":"Synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 in the human prefrontal cortex from mid-gestation into early adulthood","volume":"149","author":"Glantz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1709304","article-title":"Ca2+ permeability of KA-AMPA--gated glutamate receptor channels depends on subunit composition","volume":"252","author":"Hollmann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20033","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910338106","article-title":"Stabilization of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors at perisynaptic sites by GluR1-S845 phosphorylation","volume":"106","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagihara, H., Ohira, K., Toyama, K., and Miyakawa, T. (2011). Expression of the AMPA receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2 is associated with granule cell maturation in the dentate gyrus. Front. Neurosci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00100"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaa011","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa011","article-title":"Bridging Integrator-1 protein loss in Alzheimer\u2019s disease promotes synaptic tau accumulation and disrupts tau release","volume":"2","author":"Glennon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2025.03.004","article-title":"BIN1 and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The tau connection","volume":"48","author":"Dourlen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02502-y","article-title":"The Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk gene BIN1 regulates activity-dependent gene expression in human-induced glutamatergic neurons","volume":"29","author":"Saha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97105","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.97105","article-title":"The current state of biomarkers of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oris, C., Kahouadji, S., Durif, J., Bouvier, D., and Sapin, V. (2023). S100B, actor and biomarker of mild traumatic brain injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076602"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2023.102735","article-title":"Blood biomarkers for traumatic brain injury: A narrative review of current evidence","volume":"4","author":"Hossain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Spine"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: Biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.08.018","article-title":"Microglia in the TBI brain: The good, the bad, and the dysregulated","volume":"275","author":"Loane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.13","article-title":"The far-reaching scope of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws322","article-title":"Inflammation and white matter degeneration persist for years after a single traumatic brain injury","volume":"136","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1067-18.2018","article-title":"Repetitive diffuse mild traumatic brain injury causes an atypical astrocyte response and spontaneous recurrent seizures","volume":"39","author":"Shandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70226-0","article-title":"Cognitive decline in older adults with a history of traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Moretti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4043","article-title":"Diversity of astrocyte functions and phenotypes in neural circuits","volume":"18","author":"Khakh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000044631.80210.3C","article-title":"Astrocytes and brain injury","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0039","article-title":"Time course and diagnostic accuracy of glial and neuronal blood biomarkers GFAP and UCH-L1 in a large cohort of trauma patients with and without mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"73","author":"Papa","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.12.008","article-title":"Peripheral markers of blood-brain barrier damage","volume":"342","author":"Marchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"61","article-title":"Serum neuron-specific enolase, S100B, and myelin basic protein concentrations after inflicted and noninflicted traumatic brain injury in children","volume":"103","author":"Berger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Bai, L., Niu, X., Wang, Z., Yin, B., Bai, G., Zhang, D., Gan, S., Sun, C., and Wang, S. (2019). Elevated serum levels of inflammation-related cytokines in mild traumatic brain injury are associated with cognitive performance. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01120"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6329","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5968-10.2011","article-title":"PSD-95 is required to sustain the molecular organization of the postsynaptic density","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2011.10.010","article-title":"Regulation of AMPA receptor surface diffusion by PSD-95 slots","volume":"22","author":"Opazo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067859","article-title":"Control of synaptic strength by glial TNF\u03b1","volume":"295","author":"Beattie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6734","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1510-05.2005","article-title":"Modulator effects of interleukin-1\u03b2 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 on AMPA-induced excitotoxicity in mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures","volume":"25","author":"Bernardino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michaelis, E.K. (2012). Selective neuronal vulnerability in the hippocampus: Relationship to neurological diseases and mechanisms for differential sensitivity of neurons to stress. The Clinical Neurobiology of the Hippocampus, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199592388.003.0004"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lana, D., Ugolini, F., and Giovannini, M.G. (2020). An overview on the differential interplay among neurons\u2013astrocytes\u2013microglia in CA1 and CA3 hippocampus in hypoxia\/ischemia. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.585833"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6566","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-1541-2","article-title":"Cellular and molecular differences between area CA1 and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus","volume":"56","author":"Alkadhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasic, V., and Schmidt, M.H.H. (2017). Resilience and vulnerability to pain and inflammation in the hippocampus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040739"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.09.012","article-title":"Moderate traumatic brain injury promotes neural precursor proliferation without increasing neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus","volume":"239","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-1959-2","article-title":"The Arc of synaptic memory","volume":"200","author":"Bramham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4166","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16172","article-title":"Arc expression regulates long-term potentiation magnitude and metaplasticity in area CA1 of the hippocampus in ArcKR mice","volume":"58","author":"Haley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15885","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05203-x","article-title":"Memory-associated immediate early genes: Roles in synaptic function, memory processes, and neurological diseases","volume":"62","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0564-19.2019","article-title":"Pattern separation and source memory engage distinct hippocampal and neocortical regions during retrieval","volume":"40","author":"Stevenson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4909","article-title":"The invisibility of mild traumatic brain injury: Impaired cognitive performance as a silent symptom","volume":"34","author":"Heim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomar, A., Polygalov, D., and McHugh, T.J. (2021). Differential impact of acute and chronic stress on CA1 spatial coding and gamma oscillations. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.710725"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-021-00973-y","article-title":"Anxiety and hippocampal neuronal activity: Relationship and potential mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.137","article-title":"Selective neuronal vulnerability of human hippocampal CA1 neurons: Lesion evolution, temporal course, and pattern of hippocampal damage in diffusion-weighted MR imaging","volume":"35","author":"Bartsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22833","article-title":"Smaller hippocampal CA1 subfield volume in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2010.06.006","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are converted by 3T3-L1 adipocytes to N-acyl ethanolamines with anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"1801","author":"Balvers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.03.005","article-title":"Cell survival matters: Docosahexaenoic acid signaling, neuroprotection and photoreceptors","volume":"29","author":"Bazan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyrtyshnaia, A., Bondar, A., Konovalova, S., Sultanov, R., and Manzhulo, I. (2020). N-Docosahexanoylethanolamine reduces microglial activation and improves hippocampal plasticity in a murine model of neuroinflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249703"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ringsevjen, H., Egbenya, D.L., Bieler, M., Davanger, S., and Hussain, S. (2023). Activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc) in presynaptic terminals and extracellular vesicles in hippocampal synapses. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1225533"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06586-8","article-title":"Arc and BDNF mediated effects of hippocampal astrocytic glutamate uptake blockade on spatial memory stages","volume":"7","author":"Riboldi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15071","article-title":"Palmitoylethanolamide counteracts brain fog improving depressive-like behaviour in obese mice: Possible role of synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis","volume":"178","author":"Lama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.09.023","article-title":"Ultra-micronized palmitoylethanolamide rescues the cognitive decline-associated loss of neural plasticity in the neuropathic mouse entorhinal cortex-dentate gyrus pathway","volume":"121","author":"Boccella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12255","article-title":"N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine is a potent neurogenic factor for neural stem cell differentiation","volume":"125","author":"Rashid","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyall, S.C. (2015). Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: A review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Front. Aging Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00052"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"(2010). Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, European Union."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.205","article-title":"Object recognition in rats and mice: A one-trial non-matching-to-sample learning task to study \u2018recognition memory\u2019","volume":"1","author":"Bevins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/1\/471\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T12:23:53Z","timestamp":1767356633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/1\/471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27010471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27010471","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]}}}