{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T17:40:52Z","timestamp":1767634852859,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CD21\/00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD21\/00014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently fail to achieve protective immunity after hepatitis B vaccination, even with intensified vaccination schedules. In this observational real-world study, 18 patients with IBD who were seronegative for hepatitis B virus (HBV) received three standard doses of the Engerix-B\u00ae vaccine (at 0, 1, and 6 months). After immunisation, patients were classified into responders and non-responders according to their serological response. Blood samples were collected before the first dose and after completion of the vaccination schedule. Responders activated pathways that supported durable protection, including conventional dendritic cells type 1 mobilisation, expansion of IgG plasmablasts, and preservation of B- and T-cell memory. In contrast, non-responders displayed a more inflammatory innate profile, characterised by enrichment of CCR2+ monocytes. They also showed higher baseline Treg frequencies, which may suppress effective effector responses, together with impaired natural killer (NK) activation and progressive loss of memory potential. This study shows that hepatitis B vaccine failure in inflammatory bowel disease reflects a convergence of excessive immune regulation, inflammatory activation, and loss of memory potential, underscoring that no single pathway can explain the impaired response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T13:35:47Z","timestamp":1767620147000},"page":"531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the Immunological Impact of Hepatitis B Vaccination in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8005-2411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Soleto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia C.","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28006 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Viral Immunology Laboratory, Biomedicine Department, BICS Unit, Margarita Salas Centre for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0848-8154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montse","family":"Baldan-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2843-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda y Gen\u00e9tica Molecular (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CISC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERinfec), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9275-4242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Chaparro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-3445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier P.","family":"Gisbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5759","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i38.5759","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of viral hepatitis induced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. 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