{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:44:03Z","timestamp":1788050643848,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":223,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs) are enzymes that, in balance with their inhibitors, play a vital role in extracellular matrix remodelling, particularly during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Despite growing interest, significant research is still required to fully comprehend the mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in periodontal ligament remodelling and OTM, particularly those mediated by MMPs. This review explores recent in vitro and in vivo evidence on how specific MMPs\u2014namely, MMP-1, -2, -3, -8, -9, -12, -13, and -14\u2014respond to compressive and tensile forces, regulate collagen degradation, and influence periodontal ligament fibroblast and osteoblast behaviour, ultimately shaping tissue resorption and formation. We also summarize the roles of periodontal ligament cells, hypoxia, the neurovascular and immune systems, and well-known molecules\u2014including receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa \u03b2, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa \u03b2 ligand, osteoprotegerin, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumour necrosis factor \u03b1, transforming growth factor, and interleukins\u2014in orchestrating these responses. Finally, we address the clinical relevance of these pathways, highlighting the potential for therapeutic strategies targeting MMPs activity. Overall, this review underscores the pivotal contribution of MMPs to extracellular matrix turnover and tissue adaptation during OTM and suggests that modulating the MMPs\/tissue inhibitors of matrix metallopeptidase (TIMPs) balance may enhance orthodontic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T13:35:47Z","timestamp":1767620147000},"page":"542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["MMPs at Work: Deciphering Their Role in the Cellular Mechanisms of Orthodontic Tooth Movement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7900-4586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Ramos","family":"Patr\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Orthodontics Department, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5597-5011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Mariano","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Orthodontics Department, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0976-2111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Caldeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV Requimte), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5668-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalena","family":"Salema-Oom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.12.002","article-title":"Structure and function of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs","volume":"69","author":"Nagase","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. 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