{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:39:56Z","timestamp":1783391996262,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010609","name":"Medical University of Gdansk, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01-30025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01-30025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing prevalence of obesity-related primary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the pediatric population emphasizes the need to develop new biomarkers that can aid in clinical practice for prevention or early diagnosis of the cardiovascular disease. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between selected adipokines, cytokines, and blood pressure (BP) values in children with obesity. A total of 78 children participated in the study: 60 children with obesity (study group) and 18 children with normal weight (control group). Blood pressure was measured according to guidelines. Serum levels of metabolic and inflammatory markers, including leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and insulin were determined using multiplex immunoassays. Statistical analysis included correlation and ROC tests to identify potential predictors of PAH. The study group had significantly higher systolic and diastolic BP compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.0001). Serum levels of leptin, IL-6, VEGF, insulin, and resistin were increased in the study group. Leptin, IL-6 and resistin correlated positively with BP values (p &lt; 0.05), while ghrelin and adiponectin correlated negatively. ROC analysis identified leptin, IL-6, and VEGF as the most promising biomarkers for predicting PAH. The results confirm the role of adipokines and cytokines in the pathogenesis of PAH. The assessment of adipokine and cytokine profiles complements traditional anthropometric parameters such as BMI in assessing cardiovascular risk. Leptin, IL-6, and VEGF presented the strongest correlation with hypertension, suggesting their potential in future diagnostic and preventive strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T08:42:58Z","timestamp":1767688978000},"page":"559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Leptin, Interleukin 6, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor as Potential Predictors of Primary Hypertension in Children and Adolescents with Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0028-1063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sosnicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7611-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Jaskulak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Rysz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Grzybowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4875-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Deptu\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Embryology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3144-6171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Zawrzykraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7751-9781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Piku\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Embryology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3003-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Ben-Skowronek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Zorena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Nadci\u015bnienie t\u0119tnicze u m\u0142odych doros\u0142ych. Stanowisko Polskiego Towarzystwa Nadci\u015bnienia T\u0119tniczego","volume":"8","author":"Olszanecka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nadci\u015bnienie T\u0119tnicze w Praktyce"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.3310","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Hypertension in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"173","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"17","article-title":"Rozpoznawanie nadci\u015bnienia t\u0119tniczego u dzieci i m\u0142odzie\u017cy","volume":"8","author":"Obrycki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nadci\u015bnienie T\u0119tnicze W Praktyce"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu083","article-title":"Essential hypertension vs. secondary hypertension among children","volume":"28","author":"Banker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e481","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000468903.41970.3b","article-title":"PP.38.15","volume":"33","author":"Derezinski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3065-y","article-title":"Primary hypertension is a disease of premature vascular aging associated with neuro-immuno-metabolic abnormalities","volume":"31","author":"Litwin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazur, A., Zachurzok, A., Baran, J., Dere\u0144, K., \u0141uszczki, E., Weres, A., Wyszy\u0144ska, J., Dylczyk, J., Szczudlik, E., and Dro\u017cd\u017c, D. (2022). Childhood Obesity: Position Statement of Polish Society of Pediatrics, Polish Society for Pediatric Obesity, Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, the College of Family Physicians in Poland and Polish Association for Study on Obesity. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183806"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04579-3","article-title":"Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and primary hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Litwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skowronek, A.K., Jaskulak, M., and Zorena, K. (2024). The Potential of Metabolomics as a Tool for Identifying Biomarkers Associated with Obesity and Its Complications: A Scoping Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010090"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.02.007","article-title":"Adipokines as atherothrombotic risk factors in obese subjects: Associations with haemostatic markers and common carotid wall thickness","volume":"27","author":"Nagy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monda, V., Polito, R., Lovino, A., Finaldi, A., Valenzano, A., Nigro, E., Corso, G., Sessa, F., Asmundo, A., and Di Nunno, N. (2020). Short-Term Physiological Effects of a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: Effects on Adiponectin Levels and Inflammatory States. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093228"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22767","article-title":"Cold-Activated Brown Adipose Tissue is Associated with Less Cardiometabolic Dysfunction in Young Adults with Obesity","volume":"28","author":"Mihalopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S48753","article-title":"Adiponectin as a potential biomarker of vascular disease","volume":"11","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.05.057","article-title":"The relationship of body mass and fat distribution with incident hypertension: Observations from the Dallas Heart Study","volume":"64","author":"Chandra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27640","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161126045","article-title":"Leptin Promotes cPLA2 Gene Expression through Activation of the MAPK\/NF-\u03baB\/p300 Cascade","volume":"16","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4524","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15110","article-title":"Role of leptin in the regulation of food intake in fasted mice","volume":"24","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flehmig, G., Scholz, M., Kl\u00f6ting, N., Fasshauer, M., T\u00f6njes, A., Stumvoll, M., Youn, B.-S., and Bl\u00fcher, M. (2014). Identification of adipokine clusters related to parameters of fat mass, insulin sensitivity and inflammation. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099785"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2018.0102","article-title":"Adipocytokine Involvement in Innate Immune Mechanisms","volume":"38","author":"Agier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2018.0403","article-title":"Seminal plasma adipokines: Involvement in human reproductive functions","volume":"28","author":"Elfassy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719118776787","article-title":"Effect of Body Weight on Metabolic Hormones and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Follicular Fluid of Women Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization: A Pilot Study","volume":"26","author":"Nemer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.0221","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Adipocytes as a Primary Cause of Adipose Tissue Inflammation","volume":"43","author":"Woo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"29","article-title":"Role of Resistin in Inflammation and Inflammation-Related Diseases","volume":"3","author":"Pang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12295","article-title":"Indices of adiposity as predictors of cardiometabolic risk and inflammation in young adults","volume":"29","author":"Pourshahidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-121262","article-title":"The Main Determinants of Serum Resistin Level in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Are Renal Function and Inflammation not Presence of Microvascular Complication, Obesity and Insulin Resistance","volume":"127","author":"Cebeci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.04.042","article-title":"Cumulative Blood Pressure in Early Adulthood and Cardiac Dysfunction in Middle Age: The CARDIA Study","volume":"65","author":"Kishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.08.008","article-title":"Obesity: A Perspective from Hypertension","volume":"101","author":"Susic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1642","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00338.2015","article-title":"Aerobic exercise training-induced changes in serum adropin level are associated with reduced arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"309","author":"Fujie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012334","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012334","article-title":"Obesity-Induced Hypertension: Heavy on the Accelerator","volume":"8","author":"Roush","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Hear. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.305697","article-title":"Obesity-Induced Hypertension: Interaction of Neurohumoral and Renal Mechanisms","volume":"116","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014977","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014977","article-title":"Renal Dopamine Oxidation and Inflammation in High Salt Fed Rats","volume":"9","author":"Banday","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Hear. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.H., and Kim, J.R. (2021). Rapid Decrease in HDL-C in the Puberty Period of Boys Associated with an Elevation of Blood Pressure and Dyslipidemia in Korean Teenagers: An Explanation of Why and When Men Have Lower HDL-C Levels Than Women. Med. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci9020035"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-015-0351-2","article-title":"Blood pressure from childhood to adolescence in obese youths in relation to insulin resistance and asymmetric dimethylarginine","volume":"39","author":"Marcovecchio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-122236","article-title":"Leptin and its Relation to Autonomic Activity, Endothelial Cell Activation and Blood Pressure in a Young Black and White Population: The African-PREDICT study","volume":"50","author":"Ahiante","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varda, N.M., Medved, M., and Ojster\u0161ek, L. (2020). The associations between some biological markers, obesity, and cardiovascular risk in Slovenian children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-1978-5"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, A.P., Ugwu, F.N., Tam, B.T., Lee, P.H., Lai, C.W., Wong, C.S.C., and Siu, P.M. (2018). Ghrelin Axis Reveals the Interacting Influence of Central Obesity and Hypertension. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00534"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e2840","article-title":"Adiponectin predicts incident hypertension independent of body fat distribution: Observations from the Dallas Heart Study","volume":"33","author":"Ayers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2021.1984500","article-title":"The value of adiponectin-resistin (AR) index in newly diagnosed obesity hypertension: A case control study among Chinese adult","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R215","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-17-0002","article-title":"Adiponectin and resistin: Potential metabolic signals affecting hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis in females and males of different species","volume":"153","author":"Rak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badoer, E., Kosari, S., and Stebbing, M.J. (2015). Resistin, an Adipokine with Non-Generalized Actions on Sympathetic Nerve Activity. Front. Physiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00321"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"216","article-title":"Central administration of resistin into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) produces significant cardiovascular responses","volume":"21","author":"Jelodar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"344","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses produced by resistin injected into paraventricular nucleus mediated by the glutamatergic and CRFergic transmissions within rostral ventrolateral medulla","volume":"23","author":"Akbari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"39","article-title":"Injection of resistin into the paraventricular nucleus produces a cardiovascular response that may be mediated by glutamatergic transmission in the rostral ventrolateral medulla","volume":"27","author":"Akbari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0637-1975","article-title":"Correlation between Resistin Level and Metabolic Syndrome Component: A Review","volume":"50","author":"Mostafazadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41529","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17561","article-title":"Association between serum resistin concentration and hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20160141","article-title":"Adipokines are Associated with Hypertension in Metabolically Healthy Obese (MHO) Children and Adolescents: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"28","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musialik, K., Miller-Kasprzak, E., Walczak, M., Markuszewski, L., and Bogda\u0144ski, P. (2022). The Association between Serum Resistin Level, Resistin (-420C\/G) Single Nucleotide Variant, and Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction, including Salt Taste Preference in Hypertensive Patients. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091789"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1515\/cipms-2017-0011","article-title":"Leptin and interleukin-6 level in patients with hypertension and obesity combined with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis during treatment with Sartans and Statins","volume":"30","author":"Bochar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Pharm. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Li, Z., Xing, C., Gao, N., and Xu, R. (2021). Folate Reverses NF-\u03baB p65\/Rela\/IL-6 Level Induced by Hyperhomocysteinemia in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.651582"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa030","article-title":"Class A1 scavenger receptor prevents obesity-associated blood pressure elevation through suppressing overproduction of vascular endothelial growth factor B in macrophages","volume":"117","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-018-0363-0","article-title":"Association between the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors and metabolic syndrome or its components: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Zafar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10271","article-title":"Mechanisms of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) inhibitor-associated hypertension and vascular disease","volume":"71","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gondim, O.S., de Camargo, V.T.N., Gutierrez, F.A., Martins, P.F.d.O., Passos, M.E.P., Momesso, C.M., Santos, V.C., Gorj\u00e3o, R., Pithon-Curi, T.C., and Cury-Boaventura, M.F. (2015). Benefits of Regular Exercise on Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Normal Weight, Overweight and Obese Adults. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140596"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5603\/AH.2018.0007","article-title":"Guidelines of the Pediatric Section of the Polish Society of Hypertension on diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Litwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arter. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"349","article-title":"Rekomendacje Polskiego Towarzystwa Nefrologii Dzieci\u0119cej (PTNFD) dotycz\u0105ce post\u0119powania z dzieckiem z podwy\u017cszonym ci\u015bnieniem t\u0119tniczym","volume":"9","author":"Zurowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forum Med. Rodz."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001039","article-title":"2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents","volume":"34","author":"Lurbe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"690","article-title":"Siatki centylowe wysoko\u015bci, masy cia\u0142a i wska\u017anika masy cia\u0142a dzieci i m\u0142odzie\u017cy w Polsce-wyniki badania OLAF","volume":"7","author":"Palczewska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stand. Med. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2025, April 03). Height, Weight and Body Mass Index References for Growth and Nutritional Status Assessment in Children and Adolescents 3\u201318 Year of Age. Standardy Medyczne\/Pediatria 2013. Available online: https:\/\/europub.co.uk\/articles\/wartosci-referencyjne-wysokosci-masy-ciala-i-wskaznika-masy-ciala-dla-oceny-wzrastania-i-stanu-odzywienia-dzieci-i-mlodziezy-w-wieku-3-18-lat-A-75735."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"WHO (2022). WHO European Regional Obesity Report, WHO. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/bookorders."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.1051","article-title":"Development of a Peptide Derived from Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF-BB) into a Potential Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Wounds","volume":"9","author":"Karpowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-024-05732-3","article-title":"The involvement of RIPK4 in TNF-\u03b1-stimulated IL-6 and IL-8 production by melanoma cells","volume":"150","author":"Madej","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Index for rating diagnostic tests","volume":"3","author":"Youden","year":"1950","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","article-title":"Comparing the Areas Under Two or More Correlated Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves: A Nonparametric Approach","volume":"44","author":"DeLong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(20000515)19:9<1141::AID-SIM479>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Bootstrap confidence intervals: When, which, what? A practical guide for medical statisticians","volume":"19","author":"Carpenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:27:43Z","timestamp":1767774463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27020559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27020559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]}}}