{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T22:45:03Z","timestamp":1783032303843,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"R&D Program for Forest Science Technology","award":["RS-2023-KF002424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-KF002424"]}]},{"name":"Starting Growth Technological R&D Program","award":["RS 2023-00222349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS 2023-00222349"]}]},{"name":"Gangwon RISE Center","award":["2025-RISE-10-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-RISE-10-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcopenia, an age-related muscle atrophy disease, is a major health concern in aging societies and is closely associated with severe chronic diseases. Its primary pathogenesis involves oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in muscle cells and an imbalance in protein metabolism. This study evaluated the potential of Rhododendron mucronulatum branch extract (RMB) and its major flavonoids, taxifolin-3-O-arabinopyranoside (Tax-G) and taxifolin (Tax-A), as natural therapeutic agents for sarcopenia. Phytochemical analyses were performed using TLC, HPLC, LC-MS\/MS, and NMR, and Tax-G and Tax-A were isolated from RMB. In vitro models of apoptosis and muscle atrophy were established in C2C12 cells using H2O2 and dexamethasone (DEX), respectively. Cell viability, myotube diameter, and protein expression related to apoptosis and muscle differentiation were assessed. All three substances reduced H2O2-induced apoptosis by increasing Bcl-2 and inhibiting cleaved caspase-3 and PARP. They also attenuated DEX-induced muscle atrophy by suppressing Atrogin-1, MuRF1, and FoxO3\u03b1 while promoting MyoD, Myogenin, Akt, and mTOR. Although Tax-A showed the highest activity, Tax-G exhibited comparable effects with lower cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that RMB and its active compounds protect muscle cells by regulating apoptosis and muscle metabolism, suggesting their potential as safe and functional natural materials for the prevention of sarcopenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T12:35:47Z","timestamp":1767702947000},"page":"570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Vitro Study on the Effects of Rhododendron mucronulatum Branch Extract, Taxifolin-3-O-Arabinopyranoside and Taxifolin on Muscle Loss and Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Murine Skeletal Muscle Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Hyun Seo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon State, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon Du","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon State, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr.Oregonin Inc., #802 Bodeum Hall, Kangwondaehakgil 1, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon State, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of AI Biological Parts Materials Engineering, Nambu University, Gwangju Metropolitan City 62271, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da Hyeon","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon State, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye Eun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr.Oregonin Inc., #802 Bodeum Hall, Kangwondaehakgil 1, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon State, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of AI Biological Parts Materials Engineering, Nambu University, Gwangju Metropolitan City 62271, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9305-4769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Ji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, SRE Service Co., Ltd., Chuncheon 24232, Gangwon State, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae In","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Bio-Convergence, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Gangwon State, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangil","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Kyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gangwon State Forest Science Institute, 24, Hwamokwon-gil, Chuncheon 24207, Gangwon State, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8816-2976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwang-Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medical Rescue, Nambu University, Gwangju Metropolitan City 62271, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heesung","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, Oregon State University, 352 Peavy Forestry Science Center, Corvallis, OR 97331-5703, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6306-0372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun Eun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon State, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Dr.Oregonin Inc., #802 Bodeum Hall, Kangwondaehakgil 1, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon State, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-014-9915-y","article-title":"Skeletal muscle: A brief review of structure and function","volume":"96","author":"Frontera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Calcif. 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