{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T06:58:55Z","timestamp":1767941935368,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2017R1D1A1B05036195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1D1A1B05036195"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["RS-2023-00245605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00245605"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) have an elevated risk of developing chronic psychiatric and behavioral disorders, including impairments in motor function, memory deficits, anxiety, and depression. Although a substantial body of work has addressed the treatment and rehabilitation of sensory, motor, and cognitive symptoms after TBI, there is a relative scarcity of comprehensive behavioral assessments targeting neuropsychiatric manifestations in preclinical models. This study aims to investigate the connections between emotional sequelae after TBI and modifications in local field potentials (LFPs). Following cryogenic lesion-induced TBI, animals exhibited anxiety-like behaviors as assessed by the open field test (p &lt; 0.001), light\/dark box test (p &lt; 0.001), and elevated plus maze test (p &lt; 0.01). Depression-like behavior was observed using the forced swim test (p &lt; 0.001). LFP analysis demonstrated a marked elevation in neural oscillatory activity associated with anxiety and depression in the contralateral hemisphere relative to the ipsilateral side (p &lt; 0.001). These results indicate that the emotional consequences triggered by TBI may be linked to dysregulated synchronous neural activity between the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:26:56Z","timestamp":1767774416000},"page":"597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Anxiety- and Depression-like Behaviors and Local Field Potential Changes in a Cryogenic Lesion Model of Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4852-6151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeon Hee","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu Ran","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Convergence of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0147-2424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae-Kyoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beomjong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2956-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duk-Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mira, R.G., Lira, M., and Cerpa, W. (2021). Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanisms of Glial Response. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.740939"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190028","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Long-Term Brain Changes, Accumulation of Pathological Markers, and Developing Dementia: A Review","volume":"70","author":"Lobue","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-005-0651-y","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Brain Injury Epidemiology in Europe","volume":"148","author":"Tagliaferri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.12.011","article-title":"Incretin Mimetics as Pharmacologic Tools to Elucidate and as a New Drug Strategy to Treat Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"10","author":"Greig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12237","article-title":"Potassium Channels: Structures, Diseases, and Modulators","volume":"83","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"999","article-title":"Neurobehavioral Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"73","author":"Ashman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mt. Sinai J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y.H., Kim, S.W., Im, H., Song, Y., Kim, S.J., Lee, Y.R., Kim, G.W., Hwang, C., Park, D.K., and Kim, D.S. (2022). Febrile Seizures Cause Depression and Anxiogenic Behaviors in Rats. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11203228"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2009.02.008","article-title":"Attenuating Effects of Testosterone on Depressive-like Behavior in the Forced Swim Test in Healthy Male Rats","volume":"79","author":"Buddenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"17","article-title":"Frontal Theta Asymmetry as a Biomarker of Depression","volume":"28","author":"Dharmadhikari","year":"2018","journal-title":"East Asian Arch. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00332-2","article-title":"Localizing Significance of Temporal Intermittent Rhythmic Delta Activity (TIRDA) in Drug-Resistant Focal Epilepsy","volume":"114","author":"Quarato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2010.10.003","article-title":"Temporal Intermittent Delta Activity: A Marker of Juvenile Absence Epilepsy?","volume":"20","author":"Gelisse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01991-1","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Submissive Behavior in Rats: Link to Depression and Anxiety","volume":"12","author":"Boyko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15375","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3126-09.2009","article-title":"Phospholipase C \u03924 in the Medial Septum Controls Cholinergic Theta Oscillations and Anxiety Behaviors","volume":"29","author":"Shin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.07.045","article-title":"GABA-A Receptor Modulators Alter Emotionality and Hippocampal Theta Rhythm in an Animal Model of Long-Lasting Anxiety","volume":"1532","author":"Hoeller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.12.002","article-title":"Synchronized Activity between the Ventral Hippocampus and the Medial Prefrontal Cortex during Anxiety","volume":"65","author":"Adhikari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.07.027","article-title":"Single Units in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex with Anxiety-Related Firing Patterns Are Preferentially Influenced by Ventral Hippocampal Activity","volume":"71","author":"Adhikari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09050614","article-title":"Abnormal Hippocampal Functioning and Impaired Spatial Navigation in Depressed Individuals: Evidence from Whole-Head Magnetoencephalography","volume":"167","author":"Cornwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.09.030","article-title":"Neurophysiological Correlates of Depressive Symptoms in Young Adults: A Quantitative EEG Study","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y.H., Kim, S.W., Park, D.K., Song, H.Y., Kim, D.S., and Gil, H.W. (2021). Altered Emotional Phenotypes in Chronic Kidney Disease Following 5\/6 Nephrectomy. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070882"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.07.010","article-title":"Alpha-Beta Decoupling Relevant to Inhibition Deficits Leads to Suicide Attempt in Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"314","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.07.003","article-title":"Resting Posterior Alpha Power and Adolescent Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"141","author":"Umemoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.23.1138","article-title":"Frontal Alpha Asymmetry and Its Modulation by Monoaminergic Neurotransmitters in Depression","volume":"22","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103433","article-title":"Spontaneous Beta Power, Motor-Related Beta Power and Cortical Thickness in Major Depressive Disorder with Psychomotor Disturbance","volume":"38","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Y.L., Dai, Z.P., Ridwan, M.C., Lin, P.H., Zhou, H.L., Wang, H.F., Yao, Z.J., and Lu, Q. (2020). Connectivity of the Frontal Cortical Oscillatory Dynamics Underlying Inhibitory Control During a Go\/No-Go Task as a Predictive Biomarker in Major Depression. Front. Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00707"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3173","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3173","article-title":"Depression Diagnosis Based on Electroencephalography Power Ratios","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-7378-4-6","article-title":"Focal Brain Trauma in the Cryogenic Lesion Model in Mice","volume":"4","author":"Raslan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Transl. Stroke Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.42","article-title":"Lateral Fluid Percussion Brain Injury: A 15-Year Review and Evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-7378-2-16","article-title":"Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"2","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Transl. Stroke Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh703","article-title":"Global Brain Atrophy after Unilateral Parietal Lesion and Its Prevention by Erythropoietin","volume":"129","author":"Radyushkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.22438\/jeb\/40\/5(SI)\/SI-02","article-title":"Altered Immunohistochemical Distribution of Hippocampal Interneurons Following Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.932585","article-title":"Motor and Behavioral Changes in Mice with Cisplatin-Induced Acute Renal Failure","volume":"63","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.07.005","article-title":"MRI Correlates of Episodic Memory in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Healthy Aging","volume":"184","author":"Sexton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1681-2","article-title":"Tau Aggregation Influences Cognition and Hippocampal Atrophy in the Absence of Beta-Amyloid: A Clinico-Imaging-Pathological Study of Primary Age-Related Tauopathy (PART)","volume":"133","author":"Josephs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.18.0056","article-title":"Brain Consequences of Acute Kidney Injury: Focusing on the Hippocampus","volume":"37","author":"Malek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4217-12.2013","article-title":"On High-Frequency Field Oscillations (>100 Hz) and the Spectral Leakage of Spiking Activity","volume":"33","author":"Belchior","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.01.021","article-title":"Quantitative Electroencephalography as a Biomarker for Proneness Toward Developing Psychosis","volume":"153","author":"Fuggetta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/597\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T05:18:12Z","timestamp":1767935892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27020597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27020597","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}}}